This article describes the definition of biological monitoring water quality, principle and its characteristics and main method: Biomes Law, Bacteriological testing method, Aquatic toxicity test, Productivity assay, Micro-biological monitoring, Molecular eco-toxicological methods, Nitrifying bacteria test, Larval metamorphosis experiments, Luminescent bacteria toxicity assay, Biosensor, DNA bio-sensors, The polymerase chain reaction technology. Future prospects for the application of biological monitoring.%本文介绍了水质生物监测的定义、原理及其特点和主要方法：生物群落法、细菌学检验法、水生生物毒性试验、生产力测定法、微型生物监测、分子生态毒理学方法、硝化细菌测试法、幼虫变态实验、发光细菌毒性检测法、生物传感器、DNA生物传感器、聚合酶链反应技术，展望了生物监测的应用前景。
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