Institute of Land and Sea Transport Systems Technical University of Berlin 10587 Berlin Germany;
State Key Laboratory of Traction Power Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610331 China;
Institute of Land and Sea Transport Systems Technical University of Berlin 10587 Berlin Germany;
State Key Laboratory of Traction Power Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610331 ChinaCollege of Transportation Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China;
Institute of Land and Sea Transport Systems Technical University of Berlin 10587 Berlin Germany;
Institute of Land and Sea Transport Systems Technical University of Berlin 10587 Berlin Germany;
Wheel profile optimization; Wear reduction; Rotary-scaling fine-tuning; Particle swarm optimization; Kriging surrogate model;