Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is still a global health problem,mostly because of the intermediate/high rates of HBV chronic carriers living in most Asian,African and eastern European countries.The universal HBV vaccination of new-borns undertaken in most nations over the last 3 decades and effective HBV antiviral treatments(nucleos(t)ide analogue with high genetic barrier to viral resistance)introduced in the last decade have shown their beneficial effects in inducing a clear reduction of HBV endemicity in the countries where they have been extensively applied.Great hopes are now placed on new antiviral and immunotherapeutic drugs that are now at an advanced stage of study.It is in fact already conceivable that the synergistic use of new drugs targeting more than one HBV-lifecycle steps(covalent closed circular DNA destruction/silencing,HBV entry inhibitors,nucleocapsid assembly modulators targeting viral transcripts)and of some new immunotherapeutic agents might eliminate the intrahepatic covalent closed circular DNA and achieve the eradication of HBV infection.In spite of this,a strong effort should be given to extensive educational and screening programs for the at-risk population and to the implementation of HBV vaccination in developing countries.
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