自试点工程以来,生态清洁小流域建设在中国已实施了10余年时间,许多小流域建设已完成,而且近期的国家水土保持重点建设工程的小流域治理大多要求按照清洁小流域的标准进行设计和实施,然而目前对于生态清洁小流域评价的研究较少.小流域生态清洁评价是了解小流域生态与环境问题的基础,有助于提高小流域治理的针对性和治理效益.在综合生态清洁小流域相关评价方法及各项表征指标的基础上,通过主评指标筛选,建立了包括水环境、土壤、生态、人与社会等四方面14个评价指标的江西省红壤侵蚀区生态清洁小流域的评价指标体系.提出了生态清洁小流域的模糊综合评价方法,将小流域按生态清洁程度分为"好"、"较好"和"差"3个等级,按照确定评价指标权重、构造指标隶属度评价矩阵、基于生态清洁度指数的综合评价的步骤进行评价.以江西省赣县枧田小流域和上犹县园村小流域为例,对评价方法和评价结果进行了分析与说明.随着生态清洁小流域建设的实施,枧田小流域和园村小流域分别由实施前的"差"、"较好"提高到实施后的"好"的状态;在实施后,园村小流域的生态清洁状况(生态清洁度指数 0.869)优于枧田小流域(0.847);而在实施前,园村小流域(0.726)进行生态清洁小流域建设的基础条件更好,枧田小流域实施前(0.570)后,生态清洁程度的提高幅度更大.根据评价结果,可以有针对性地提出改进措施和建议.该评价过程可为南方红壤侵蚀区生态清洁小流域建设的效果评价提供依据.%The eco-clean small watershed project in China has been implemented for more than 10 years. A lot of experiences have been achieved in the implementation of the project, and a set of specific implementation standards have been formed. In recent years, the small watershed management of national soil and water conservation projects need to be designed and implemented according to these standards. However, the research on assessment of eco-clean small watersheds is relatively rare, which can be helpful not only to understand the ecological and environmental problems of small watersheds, but also to improve the pertinence and efficiency of small watershed management. In this paper, based on the relevant evaluation methods and various indicators of eco-clean watersheds, major evaluation indicators were selected, and indicators system of fourteen indicators for eco-clean watersheds assessment in the red soil eroded area of southern China was established, which included water environment, soil, ecology and human society. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was proposed, and the small watershed was divided into three levels (i.e., good, moderate and poor) according to the ecological and clean degrees. The steps of assessment were as follows: evaluation of the weight of index, establishment of index membership evaluation matrix, comprehensive evaluation based on eco-clean index. Taking Jiantian watershed of Ganxian County and Yuancun watershed of Shangyou County in Jiangxi Province as examples, the methods and results were explained and analyzed. With the implementation of the eco-clean watershed project, the status of Jiantian small watershed and Yuancun small watershed were improved from "poor" or "moderate" to "good" condition. Comparisons showed that, at the beginning of the eco-clean watershed projects, the eco-clean index of Yuancun (0.726) was higher than that of Jiantian (0.570), which meant that the basic condition of eco-clean watershed construction of Yuancun was better than that of Jiantian. Nevertheless, the eco-clean index of Yuancun (0.869) was higher than that of Jiantian (0.847) as after the completion of the eco-clean watershed projects; that is to say the eco-clean degree of Jiantian small watershed increased more obviously. According to assessment results, the improvement measures and suggestions could be proposed. Also, the process of this assessment can provide the basis for the evaluation of the effect of the construction of eco-clean small watersheds in the red soil eroded area of southern China.
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