As a nocel type of biological nitrogen removal technology, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) was a process which was driven by anammox organisms, oxidized ammonium to nitrogen gas using nitrite as the electron acceptor and utilize CO2 as carbon source under anoxic conditions. Anammox has great application value on nitrogen removal from rich ammonium and low carbon resource wastewater, with no requiration of organic carbon resource. However, Anammox organisms grow very slowly, with the maximum specific growth rate of 0.002 7 h-1 and the doubling time of 10~12 d. Therefore, the harsh growth environment of the Anammox process has become one choke point in its application. In the past, the research on influence factor of Anammox has always been a hot spot of the Anammox reactor. This paper reviewed the influence factors of reactors (eg. different types of reactors, sludge and carriers), environmental factors (eg. temperature, pH value, oxygen and electromagnetic field) and inoculated substrates (eg. carbon resources, nitrogen, phosphorus, salinity and metal ions) for Anammox process, respectively. In a word, the Anammox bacteria could grow rapidly with neutral pH value, temperature of 30 to 35 ℃, no light and strictly anaerobic condition, low loss of sludge (reactor, filler and granular sludge regulation), appropriate matrix and necessary elements, and so on. The article provided guidance for basic research and engineering application of anammox process. However, further researches are needed to understand the contactation of influence factors, function gene modification and extreme environment acclimatization and so on.%厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）反应是指在厌氧或者缺氧条件下，厌氧氨氧化微生物以 NO2--N 为电子受体，氧化 NH4+-N为氮气的生物过程。厌氧氨氧化反应是自养型生物脱氮反应，该过程无需外加有机碳源，在高氨氮低碳源废水处理方面具有重要应用价值。然而Anammox菌生长缓慢，最大生长率0.0027 h-1，倍增时间长达10~12 d，对生长环境要求近乎苛刻，成为 Anammox 工艺工程化应用的最大瓶颈。因此，Anammox 反应的影响因素一直是该领域的研究热点。文章系统总结了Anammox过程的主要影响因素，其中包括反应器类型、污泥性质、填料等反应器条件，温度、pH值、氧气、电磁场等环境因子，以及有机物、氮素、磷酸盐、盐度、金属离子等基质条件对Anammox启动和运行的最新研究进展，认为pH值接近中性、温度30~35℃、避光、严格厌氧等环境条件下，以反应器、填料和颗粒污泥相结合，降低污泥流失，并给予合适的基质和必要元素，可促进Anammox的快速增长。该文为Anammox工艺的基础研究和工程化应用提供了参考，并认为今后在各影响因素的联系、功能基因改性及极端环境驯化等方面仍需要加强研究。
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