River basis ecological compensation in an effective measure that harmonizes the contradiction between the ecological environment protection and the economic development, and adjusts the relationship of the profits and losses of a basin area. Through the analysis of profits and losses caused by human activities in a basin area, the paper discusses the concept, theoretical foundation and operational mechanisms of basin ecological compensation. The necessity and the standard of ecological compensation are analyzed using the theories of economics and the calculation of theoretical value of the compensative amount is suggested. A two-level classification system of watershed ecological compensation is set up in this paper. In this system, the compensation is firstly classified into two categories according to the positive and negative externality of human activities; At the second level, ten types of compensation areas are classified. Based on the classification system, some key watershed ecological compensation areas are identified in the country.%流域生态补偿是协调流域生态环境保护和经济发展之间矛盾,调整流域内区域间损益关系的有效手段.文章从流域内人类活动产生的损益人手,论述了流域生态补偿的概念、理论基础和运行机制,并利用经济学原理,对生态补偿的必要性和补偿标准进行了理论解析.给出了流域生态补偿必要性的理论依据和需要补偿量的理论值.在此基础上,根据流域人类活动的正负外部性等原则,对流域生态补偿进行了分类.依据流域生态补偿分类,梳理出了我国流域生态补偿重点区域.通过对流域生态补偿理论探讨,以期作为进一步研究和应用实践的参考和启示.
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