The histological and surface structures of the gill of rare minnow were observed by technology of paraffin section and electron microscopy scanning .Acute toxicity test of waterborne cadmium chloride (2 mg/L) on the gill of rare min-nows was conducted.The results showed that there were 4 pairs of holobranch in rare minnow, and each was composed of gill rakers, gill arch, gill filaments and secondary lamellae arranged on both sides of gill filaments .The surface of the gills was covered by the epithelial cell ; taste buds could be observed in both gill rakers and arch .The gill arch had differ-ent types of mucous cells, which was also distributed among the adjacent epithelial cells of secondary lamellae .Chloride cells were mainly found in base of secondary lamellae .From SEM, some unregulated structures, including indentations, micropits and crevices were observed on gill filaments , and gill lamellae was organized as machicolated form on both sides . After waterborne cadmium (2 mg/L) exposure, damage including congestion of secondary lamellae that presented spherali -ty, edema and drop of epithelial cells , increased mucus cells was observed ; and the damage aggravated with the extension of exposure time.%运用石蜡切片技术和扫描电镜技术对稀有鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）鳃结构进行观察，并采用浓度为2 mg／L的 CdCl2水溶液对稀有鲫进行急性毒理实验。结果显示：稀有鲫具4对鳃，由鳃耙、鳃弓、鳃丝及鳃小片组成。鳃的各个部位表面均有上皮细胞覆盖；鳃耙和鳃弓具味蕾，鳃弓上还具不同类型的黏液细胞；相邻鳃小片的上皮细胞间也分布有黏液细胞，在鳃小片基部有氯细胞着生。鳃丝表面有不规则凹陷和微嵴，具沟、坑、孔等结构；鳃小片两面均呈凹凸状。在2 mg／L 的 CdCl 2水溶液暴露下，鳃受到损伤，发生鳃小片充血呈球状，鳃上皮水肿、脱落，黏液细胞增多等现象；并随时间延长受损程度加重。
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