超级电容器是介于传统电容器和蓄电池之间的一种新型储能装置，因其具有功率密度大、容量大、使用寿命长、免维护、经济环保等优点而成为世界各国近年来在新能源领域研究的热点。文章概述了由最基本的电极材料—碳材料组成的电化学双电层电容器的原理，分析了电化学双层电容器的实际和理论局限、碳材料的最大比电容、比表面积、能量密度及功率密度等性能参数。在阐述纳孔碳电容器的理论模型的基础上，详细介绍了双层电容器碳材料的孔尺寸与电解质溶液离子尺寸的关系。上述理论介绍与分析为电化学双层电容器今后的研究提供了依据。%Supercapacitors, which have the advantages such as big power density, large capacity, long service life, maintenance free, economic and environmental protection, have recently attracted considerable attention as a kind of new energy storage installation between traditional condenser and storage battery in the worldwide new energy fields. This paper introduced the principle of double-layer capacitors based on carbon, analyzed practical and theoretical limitations for the double-layer capacitors, the highest specific capacitance, specific surface area, energy density and power density etc. major performance parameters. On the basis of introduction of theoretical model of“nano capacitors”, this paper introduced the relationship between the electrolyte ion size and pore size of carbon for an electrc double-layer capacitor, and provided the development direction of supercapacitors.
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