Real-time functional MRI (rtfMRI) allows immediately accessing the experimental results by analyzing data during acquisition. The availability of results during the ongoing experiment facilitates a variety of applications such as quality assurance or fast functional localization. This review focuses on the research progress of real-time fMRI in neurofeedback. The rtfMRI neurofeedback has been used to train self-regulation of the local BOLD response in different brain areas through feeding back information of brain activity and to study consequential behavioral effects. Behavioral effects such as modulation of pain, improving the symptoms of tinnitus, detecting lies, regulating the brain areas of motor, and adjusting the emotions have been shown in healthy and/or patient populations. The rtfMRI neurofeedback provides a new paradigm for studying the relationship between brain behavior and physiology. The initial results are encouraging to merit further controlled clinical studies.%实时功能磁共振成像（rtfMRI）神经反馈指在大脑fMRI 扫描的同时分析大脑血氧水平依赖信号，将其结果反馈给被试，指导其通过内省的方式调节认知、行为的水平。此方法不仅为人们在思考、感知、行动的同时观察和测量大脑的生理活动变化提供了依据，也促进了MR成像在扫描数据质量监测和快速脑功能定位方面的应用，具有潜在的临床应用价值。目前rtfMRI神经反馈已经在疼痛调节、改善耳鸣症状、测谎、调节运动脑区、调节情绪等领域取得进展。 rtfMRI神经反馈的出现为研究大脑活动和生理之间的关系提供了一种新的范式，就rtfMRI神经反馈的研究进展进行综述。
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