School of Civil Engineering & Architecture Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China;
Scientific Research Institute under China Railway Tunnel Group Co. Ltd. Luoyang 471009 China;
China Railway Tunnel Group Co. Ltd. Luoyang 471009 China;
College of Earth and Environment Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China;
pre-geological prediction; geologic survey; tunnel construction;