近几年，石油和有机化学品泄漏对人们的生存环境乃至生态系统造成了极为严重的损害。油水分离手段及其材料的研发已成为一个全球性的，需要众人为之努力的重要任务。受到大自然的启发，许多具有特殊润湿性的材料得以合成与发展，尤其是超疏水—超亲油、超亲水—超疏油材料已成功用于选择性油水分离，并显示出诱人的应用前景。这篇文章简要介绍了自然界的特殊浸润现象以及微—纳多级结构的制备方法；综述了以金属网、海绵、无机粉体为基材的新型油水分离材料；提出了该特殊材料存在的问题与拟解决办法；重点介绍并总结了以生物质材料如木粉、秸秆粉、滤纸、棉花、棉织物等作为基材，合成特殊润湿性油水分离生物质材料的优势与发展现状，并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望。%In recent years, oil and organic spillages have caused serious damages to environment and ecosystems. It is a worldwide and important mission for all the people to fabricate the suitable separating materials and to find the effective method for oil-water separation. Inspired by the nature, more and more materials with special wetting behavior have got great development. Most importantly, super-hydrophobicity/super-oleophylicity and super-hydrophilicity/super-lipophobicity materials have been successfully applied to water-oil separation, showing the great potential in practical applications. In this paper, the special wetting phenomena in nature and different fabricating method for micro-nano multi-structures were introduced; the novel water-oil materials based on metal net, sponge and inorganic powder were reviewed; the problem and the solution were presented; the advantage and the development status of water-oil biomaterials such as wood powder, straw powder, filter paper, cotton and cotton fabrics were stressed in details. Then the research trend of this field has been prospected.
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