This paper has investigated the static meanings, dynamic meaning and image schemata of the preposition "by" from the perspective of cognition. Basing on the spatial semantics and by means of spatial metaphors, the preposition "by" has extended four kinds of metaphorical meanings which do not refer to the spatial relation. In the meanwhile, by analyzing the relation between the spatial semantics and the non-spatial semantics of the preposition "by", this paper helps the vast majority of Englishrnpractitioners recognize and understand this word better.%从认知的角度研究介词by静态和动态的空间语义及其意象图式.以空间语义为基础,通过空间隐喻,介词by延伸出四种表示非空间关系的隐喻语义.通过分析介词by空间语义与非空间语义的联系,帮助广大英语从业者进一步认识与理解该词.
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