牛分枝杆菌减毒活疫苗——卡介苗(bacillus Calmette-Gurin,BCG)对预防严重的儿童结核病有效,但其免疫保护效率随儿童年龄增长而降低.BCG不能提供终身免疫保护可能与其诱导的记忆性T细胞主要是寿命较短的效应记忆性T细胞有关.新型结核分枝杆菌蛋白亚单位疫苗将有效的抗原有机组合起来,在适宜的疫苗佐剂辅助下诱导Th1型免疫应答.动物实验表明,增加抗原谱可有效提高亚单位疫苗的保护效率.更重要的是,亚单位疫苗在体内持续时间较短,可诱导寿命较长的中央记忆性T细胞,提供比BCG更持久的免疫保护力.记忆性T细胞的分化受抗原特性与剂量、细胞因子、转录因子及雷帕霉素等的调控.对亚单位疫苗及其诱导的免疫记忆进行研究将对新型结核分枝杆菌疫苗的设计与评价产生积极影响.%Attenuated Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is effective for the prevention of severe tuberculosis infection in childhood, but its protective efficiency shrinks along with children growing up.BCG persisted for a long time after vaccination, therefore it mainly induces short-lived effector memory T cells.This may be the reason why BCG can't provide long-term protection.Novel tuberculosis subunit vaccine composed of effective antigens with suitable adjuvants could induce Th1 type cell-mediated immune responses and provide protection against tuberculosis.Animal experiments showed that expanding the spectrum of antigens could improve the protective efficacy of subunit vaccine effectively.Moreover, subunit vaccine has been proven to induce long-lived central memory T cells, which helps to provide a longer-term protective immunity compared with BCG.The differentiation of memory T cells is regulated by antigen characteristic and dose, cytokines, transcription factors, and drugs like rapamycin, etc.The study on the subunit vaccine and vaccine-induced immune memory will be helpful to the design and evaluation of novel tuberculosis vaccines.
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