Nietzscheism in France has nourished the theoretical exploration of “irreducible elements” or “different factors”,leading to a spectacular “family of theories of differences” in France and even in Italy. Although these theories do not form a school,tradition or system,they instead show the characteristics of decentralization and discreteness. However,in their kaleidoscopic evolution there is a theoretical core—Nietzscheism,in particular his unique style of interpretation. Postmodern philosophy in France,mainly including Foucault’s theory of micro power knowledge,Derrida’s structuralism,Jean Baudrillard’s postmodern theory of culture and Lyotard’s theory of differences embodied in his book Le Différend, is in essence concerned with theories of differences. Based on the logic of the criticism of the discourse of modernity,the theories advocated by these thinkers show that the French theories of differences are heavily influenced by Nietzscheism,which have enormous significance for the criticism of contemporary capitalist discourse and political practice.%尼采主义在法国滋养了理论界对“不可化约的要素”或者说“差异性因素”的探讨，在法国乃至意大利形成了蔚为壮观的“差异理论家族”。尽管这些理论并不构成一个学派、学统或体系而显示出非中心化的、离散化的特征，但在它们万花筒般的嬗变中有着其理论轴心，也就是尼采独特的解释风格。后现代主义哲学从根本上来说几乎都是关于差异理论的，主要包括福柯的知识型微观权力理论、德里达的结构理论、鲍德里亚的后现代文化理论和利奥塔的以《分歧》一书为代表的差异理论。这些思想家以现代性话语批判逻辑为支撑而形成的理论，反映了法国差异理论对尼采主义的援引和借鉴，这对当代资本主义话语批判以及政治实践有其重要意义。
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