肯尼斯·A·古尔德等人认为湿地利用的交换价值和使用价值是相互冲突的.一方面交换价值表现为经济发展需要利用不同形式的土地资源,获得经济收益;另一方面使用价值表现为人们对待开发的湿地有生态美学方面的要求.当地居民、地方政府、开发商作为确定型利益相关者,他们对利用湿地产生的使用价值和交换价值的存在利益冲突.政府决定采取有限开放的方式管理作为稀缺资源的湿地以及利益冲突;利益相关者在开放的有限制的参与过程中提出有关方案和对方案的异议,最后在技术层面对方案加以确定.有限开放的参与有利于管理稀缺资源,其内在逻辑是通过利益相关者的资源调动以实现方案在最广泛程度上的合理性和代表性,但利益相关者的内在不平衡因素也有可能导致参与和结果的不平等.这些理念和做法对于我国滨海湿地建设生态文明有重要的启发意义.%Kenneth A .Gould and his collaborators consider that the exchange value and use value of w etland use are in conflict .On the one hand ,the exchange value show s that economic development needs to use different forms of land resources to obtain economic benefits ;on the other hand ,the use value mani‐fests that people have ecological aesthetic consideration in developing w etland .Local residents ,regional governments ,and developers are deterministic stakeholders ,w ho have a conflict of interest over the use value and the exchange value of w etland .Considering w etland as a scarce resource ,local governments de‐cided to manage w etlands and mitigate conflicts of interest by limited openness .Stakeholders propose rele‐vant plans and different opinions in the process of limited openness .T hey finally determine the solution at the technical level .T he limited openness might benefit scarce resource management .And the internal logic is to mobilize the resources of stakeholders to make the plan most reasonable and representative.But the imbalances among stakeholders might also lead to inequality in participation and outcomes .T hese concepts and practices are significant implications for the construction of ecological civilization in China .
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