Ground condition and construction(excavation and support) time and costs are the key factors in decision-making during planning and design phases of a tunnel project.An innovative methodology for probabilistic estimation of ground condition and construction time and costs is proposed,which is an integration of the ground prediction approach based on Markov process,and the time and cost variance analysis based on Monte-Carlo(MC) simulation.The former provides the probabilistic description of ground classification along tunnel alignment according to the geological information revealed from geological profile and boreholes.The latter provides the probabilistic description of the expected construction time and costs for each operation according to the survey feedbacks from experts.Then an engineering application to Hamro tunnel is presented to demonstrate how the ground condition and the construction time and costs are estimated in a probabilistic way.In most items,in order to estimate the data needed for this methodology,a number of questionnaires are distributed among the tunneling experts and finally the mean values of the respondents are applied.These facilitate both the owners and the contractors to be aware of the risk that they should carry before construction,and are useful for both tendering and bidding.
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