The Ahi al-dhimma or Dhimmis was a social group produced in thetimes of Muhammad when the Arabs were going through great social change from the savagery to civilization. The conquered who did not convert to Islam but accepted protection by contract were called Dhimmis. The antagonism between the Dhimmis and the Moslems constituted the main social contradiction in the Medina state. The Dhimmis pay tribute and taxes to get protection from the Medina state in return. The Dhimmis under Moslems' rule was shown in three phases: religious—Islamic theocracy; political—Arabian tribal feud; economic—the appropriation of Dhimmis' surplus labor in form of tribute and taxes pay to Moslems. With the establishment of the land ownership by state, the relations of dependence for Dhimmis to the Medina state were fixed.%吉玛人作为麦地那国家中区别于穆斯林的宗教群体，起源于穆罕默德时代阿拉伯人自野蛮向文明过渡的深刻社会变革，是穆斯林圣战实践的直接结果。吉玛人与穆斯林之间的对立，是麦地那国家社会矛盾的集中体现。通过缴纳贡税的形式换取麦地那国家的保护，构成吉玛人与穆斯林对立的核心内容。吉玛人与穆斯林的对立，包括信仰差异、民族排斥和经济剥削三重倾向。麦地那国家对于吉玛人的统治，既是伊斯兰教的神权统治，亦是阿拉伯人的民族统治。穆斯林对于吉玛人剩余劳动的占有，是麦地那国家封建统治的外在形式。麦地那国家土地所有制的广泛建立，导致吉玛人对于穆斯林的群体依附状态。
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