The defining neuropathological feature of Parkinson’s disease(PD)is the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic(DA)projections.This results in a biochemical reduction of striatal dopamine levels and movement disorders,such as a tremor at rest,rigidity of the limbs,bradykinesia,and postural instability(Kim et al.,2011;Kim et al.,2012;Burke and O’Malley,2013;Leem et al.,2014;Nam et al.,2014).Because the etiology of PD is not fully understood,it cannot guide the development of knowledge-based targeted therapeutics.
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