Much effort has been exerted both in the development of modern dedicated synchrotrons and free electron lasers with unique properties.Femtosecond laser plasma sources provide ultra-short X-ray pulses of high peak brilliance and can thus be complementary X-ray sources to the undulator based sources.All these modern X-ray sources need dedicated X-ray optics for diagnostics and applications,respectively.X-ray spectroscopy is one of the most important diagnostics of plasmas in the context of laser fusion.Depending on the aims of these experiments,monochromatic X-ray images or high resolution spectra combined with either spatial or time resolution can be obtained.Sophisticated monochromatic imagers with up to 10 toroidally bent crystals have been developed to study the implosion processes in laser fusion experiments;time-resolved maps of plasma parameters are evaluated from the data.High-power femtosecond lasers provide a practical,relatively inexpensive,powerful X-ray pulse source.Information on production efficiency,the energy distribution and transport of hot electrons is needed to maximize X-ray output in desired K-shell emission lines or continuum ranges so that peak brilliances comparable to those of synchrotrons may be feasible.Combining these new sources with bent crystal optics enables diffraction experiments on sub-picosecond time scales.Laser-pump X-rayprobe experiments have shown evidence of structure changes in several crystals within 250 fs.These X-ray optics have been designed in our institute using ray tracing and Bragg reflection codes for the 1D or 2D bent crystals or combinations thereof.In the preparation process,extreme care has been taken over crystal perfection,selection of optimum reflections,precision bending,measurement of imaging and reflection properties.X-ray topographic cameras and diffractometers are used to check the relevant properties of the analyzer crystals.%近年来,人们付出很大精力研制新的具有独特性能的同步辐射装置和自由电子激光器,而飞秒激光等离子源可提供具有高峰值亮度的超短X射线脉冲,用来作为波荡器辐射的补充X射线源.此外,所有最新型的X射线源的诊断和应用也都需要专用X射线光学元件或仪器.X射线光谱测量是激光聚变应用中最重要的等离子诊断方法之一,该方法根据实验目的,可获得单色X射线图像或与空间或时间分辨相组合的高分辨率图像.已经研制出拥有多达10个环状弯晶的高精单色成像仪,用以研究激光聚变实验中的内爆过程并通过获得的数据对等离子体参数的时间分辨图做出评估.大功率飞秒激光器可提供实用的相对价格不高的大功率X射线脉冲源,但需要有发光效率.能量分布,以及热电子传输方面的信息来实现理想K层辐射线或者连续X射线输出的最大化,以便得到相当于同步辐射输出的峰值亮度.把这些新的射线源与弯晶光学元件相组合,可完成亚皮秒时间量级的衍射实验.激光泵浦的X射线探针实验已经展示了若干晶体在250 fs内的结构变化.作者所在研究所使用光线追踪和布拉格反射方法设计了1D或2D或ID与2D结合的弯晶X射线光学仪器.在仪器制备过程中,非常注重晶体完整,反射选择的优化,弯曲精确,以及成像和反射特性的测量,还使用X射线形貌相机和衍射仪对分析器晶体的相关特性做了测试.
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