Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has been widely employed as non-invasive 3D imaging diagnostic instrument, particularly in the field of ophthalmology. Although OCT has been approved for use in clinic in USA, Europe and Asia, international standardization of this technology is still in progress. Validation of OCT imaging capabilities is considered extremely important to ensure its effective use in clinical diagnoses. Phantom with appropriate test targets can assist to evaluate and calibrate imaging performance of OCT at both installation and throughout lifetime of the instrument. In this paper, we design and fabricate a physical model eye with 3D resolution test targets to characterize OCT imaging performance. The model eye was fabricated with transparent resin to simulate realistic ophthalmic testing environment, and most key optical elements including cornea, lens and vitreous body were realized. The test targets which mimic USAF 1951 test chart were fabricated on the fundus of the model eye by 3D printing technology. Differing from traditional two dimensional USAF1951 test chart, a group of patterns which have different thickness in depth were fabricated. By measuring the 3D test targets, axial resolution as well as lateral resolution of an OCT system can be evaluated at the same time with this model eye. To investigate this specialized model eye, it was measured by a scientific spectral domain OCT instrument and a clinical OCT system respectively. The results demonstrate that the model eye with 3D resolution test targets have the potential of qualitatively and quantitatively validating the performance of OCT systems.%尽管OCT早已在世界范围内获得临床诊断许可，但这项技术尚无任何国际标准。如何验证OCT的成像能力及有效性被认为是该技术标准化进程中的重要一环。本研究研制了一种可用于OCT三维成像分辨率测试的模拟眼。该模拟眼利用透明树脂材料仿真了人眼的重要光学元件：角膜与晶状体。采用3D 打印技术在模拟眼眼底制作出了参照 USAF1951靶板设计的三维分辨率测试图案。研究结果表明该模拟眼能够对 OCT 设备的三维成像分辨率性能进行初步评估，通过进一步改进，未来可用于注册检验或日常质控。
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