Soil Bulk Density Estimation Methods: A Review

Ahmed Abed Gatea AL-SHAMMARY; Abbas Z.KOUZANI; Akif KAYNAK; Sui Yang KHOO; Michael NORTON; Will GATES

摘要

Measurement of soil bulk density is important for understanding the physical,chemical,and biological properties of soil.Accurate and rapid soil bulk density measurement techniques play a significant role in agricultural experimental research.This review is a comprehensive summary of existing measurement methods and evaluates their advantages,disadvantages,potential sources of error,and directions for future development.These techniques can be broadly categorised as direct and indirect methods.Direct methods include core,clod,and excavation sampling,whereas indirect methods include the radiation and regression approaches.The core method is most widely used,but it is time consuming and difficult to use for sampling multiple soil depths.The size of the coring cylinder used,operator experience,sampling depth,and in-situ soil moisture content significantly affect its accuracy.The clod method is suitable for use with heavy clay soils,and its accuracy is dependent on equipment calibration,drying time,and operator experience,but the process is complicated and time consuming.Excavation techniques are most commonly used to evaluate the bulk density of forest soils,but have major limitations as they cannot be used in soils with large pores and their measurement accuracy is strongly influenced by soil texture and the type of analysis selected.The indirect methods appear to have greater accuracy than direct approaches,but have higher costs,are more complex,and require greater operator experience.One such approach uses gamma radiation,and its accuracy is strongly influenced by soil depth.Regression methods are economical as they can make indirect measurements,but these depend on good,quality data of soil texture and organic matter content and geographical and climatic properties.Also,like most of the other approaches,its accuracy decreases with sampling depth.

机译：土壤容重的测量对于理解土壤的物理，化学和生物学特性很重要。准确，快速的土壤容重测量技术在农业实验研究中起着重要的作用。本文综述了现有测量方法的全面总结并对其进行了评估。优势，劣势，潜在的错误源以及未来的发展方向。这些技术可以大致分为直接方法和间接方法。直接方法包括岩心，闭塞和开挖采样，而间接方法包括辐射和回归方法。该方法使用最广泛，但费时且难以对多个土壤深度进行采样。所使用的取芯筒的尺寸，操作者的经验，采样深度以及原位土壤含水量都会显着影响其准确性。适用于重质粘土，其精度取决于设备的校准，干燥时间和操作人员的经验丰富，但是过程复杂且耗时。开挖技术最常用于评估森林土壤的容重，但由于不能用于大孔土壤且测量精度高，因此存在主要局限性间接方法似乎比直接方法具有更高的准确性，但成本更高，更复杂且需要更多的操作员经验。间接方法似乎比直接方法具有更高的准确性。一种这样的方法使用伽马射线，其准确性为回归方法很经济，因为它们可以进行间接测量，但是这些方法依赖于土壤质地和有机质含量以及地理和气候特性的良好质量数据。而且，像其他大多数方法一样，其准确性也会降低采样深度。

Soil Bulk Density Estimation Methods: A Review

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