China’s super rice research project was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1996. In the past 20 years, China has been a leader in super rice research, including genetic and physiological basis of super-high yielding or theory and practice for super rice breeding, andindica super hybrid rice in south or conventionaljaponica super rice in north. These research provided scientific and technical basis for improving production potential and converting sciences and technology to realistic productivity, and made outstanding contribution for maintaining China the international advanced level on rice science. Research progress ofjaponica super rice in Northern China, including the development of super rice, establishment of technical route, new variety breeding and demonstration promotion, basic research in physiological and genetic were reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile, some related physiological and genetic issues of Northernjaponica super rice were discussed: The Northernjaponica rice in recent years kept high levels on yield and quality, and the chalk white character and other appearance qualities have been improved, without significant contradiction between yield and main quality traits when yield no more than 9 t·hm-2, and the yield and quality can reach a new balance at a higher level. Analysis of Northernjaponica rice regional test results showed that extending growth period to increase yield was unsatisfactory, also not work by increasing plant height, while improving the resistance to rice blast was one of the important breeding targets for Northern japonica rice. The seed density of Northern japonica rice is generally high, but the negative impact on the yield components and the main quality traits is relatively small, which can be thought that Northernjaponica rice seed density is in an appropriate range through the untiring efforts of the breeders. Grain length-width ratio is a main factor determining indica andjaponica rice milling quality, and less impact on the appearance quality difference between subspecies. Chinese indica rice milling quality has been improved significantly in recent years, difference between indica and japonica rice decreases. The appearance quality ofindica andjaponica rice has improved significantly, but the difference still exists betweenindicaand japonica. On the basis of full summarizing Chinese super rice research achievements and experience in the past 20 years, the super rice research directions and goals in the future should be determined. Long-term stability research support mechanism according to the ecological regions should be established instead of stage yielding goals; Small area yield evaluation should be changed to the assessment of large area stable yield increase. The basic theory and key technology research should be targeted according to the ecology, production and varieties of Northern japonicarice, such as the genetic and physiological and ecological mechanism ofindicaandjaponica yield and quality. From the molecules, cells, tissues, organs, individual and population levels, comprehensive evaluation of erect panicle gene EP1 function should be further studied to effectively improve quality of bothindica andjaponica hybrid varieties with big and erect panicles. We should make full use of the research achievements of molecular biology and technology, and make a breakthrough on rice blast resistance, cold resistance and salt-tolerant germplasm innovation and breeding.%1996年农业部正式启动中国水稻超高产育种即超级稻研究项目，20年来中国超级稻研究后来居上，无论超高产遗传生理基础研究还是超级稻育种实践，无论南方超级杂交籼稻还是北方超级常规粳稻，总体上都处于国际领先水平，为进一步提高生产潜力和将其转化为现实生产力提供了科学依据和技术储备，为中国稻作科学保持国际先进水平作出了突出贡献。文章从超级稻兴起、技术路线确立、新品种选育与示范推广、生理与遗传基础研究等方面综合评述了中国北方粳型超级稻研究进展。在此基础上讨论了北方粳型超级稻相关生理与遗传问题：近年来北方粳稻继续保持较高产量水平和加工品质，同时以垩白性状为代表的外观品质有明显提高，至少在9 t·hm-2之前产量与主要品质性状的矛盾并不突出，产量和品质可以在更高水平上达成新的平衡；分析北方粳稻区域试验结果表明，通过延长生育期提高产量是不足取的，通过增加株高提高产量也是行不通的，提高稻瘟病抗性是北方粳稻的重要育种目标；北方粳稻着粒密度普遍较高，但是对产量构成因素和主要品质性状的负面影响相对较小，可以认为经过育种家的不懈努力，北方粳稻着粒密度处于比较合适范围；籽粒长宽比是决定籼粳稻碾磨品质的主要因素，而对外观品质亚种间差异影响较小，近年来中国籼稻碾磨品质有明显改善，籼粳稻差异幅度有所降低，籼粳稻外观品质均有明显改善，但是籼粳稻差异依旧。建议：在全面总结20年来中国超级稻研究成果与经验基础上，明确今后超级稻研究的方向与目标，改设立阶段性产量目标分期攻关为按生态区长期稳定支持，改小面积产量验收评价指标为考核大面积均衡增产。根据北方粳稻生态、生产和品种特性，有针对性地开展育种基础理论和关键技术研究，如籼粳血缘与产量和品质关系的遗传和生理生态机制，从分子、细胞、组织、器官、个体、群体水平全面评价直立穗型基因EP1功能，有效改良籼粳稻杂交育成直立大穗型品种品质特别是食味品质，充分利用分子生物学相关理论、技术研究成果，在抗稻瘟病、抗冷性和耐盐碱种质创新及育种应用上有所突破。
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