Based on the 5782 cases of patients from the Attached of Obstetrical and Gynecological Hospital of Zhejiang University , the paper analyzes the impacts of pregnant age and birth order on the fetal defect rate as well as impacts of the fetal defect on the population quality at the policy of two-children for all families. It is found that the pregnant age lower than 19 and older than 35 can cause the increase of fetal defect rate , while the birth order impact the birth defect rate in different ways , the higher the birth order is , for those mothers younger than 24 , the higher rate of birth defect and for the mothers aged 25-44 there is no increase of birth defect rate for their second and third child birth but with a relatively higher birth defects for their fourth child birth. It seems that the birth defect rate of second child have no negative impacts on population quality even after the permit of second child birth for all families in future.%本研究通过抽取浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院某病区5782个病例（736例患病），从出生缺陷的角度，通过对妇女怀孕年龄及胎次与胎儿畸形患病率的关系对开放二胎政策之后的人口质量的影响进行分析，发现孕妇年龄过低（19岁以下）与过高（35岁以上）均会导致出生缺陷率提高；而胎次的影响比较复杂，对于24岁以下的年龄段来说，胎次越高，患病率越高，而对于25－44岁的孕妇来说，除了第4胎及以上的患病率较高，第2、3胎的患病率没有明显的差别。因此，放开二胎将不会对人口质量产生显著影响。
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