It is important to control the space station microbial populations in the Water Processor Assembly for astronauts’ drinking water and living water. Excessive microbial quantity will affect the astronaut health and some sulfate-reducing bacteria attached on the pipeline equipment and the chemical reaction of H2S gas will corrode the equipment. The control of the water circulation treatment system of microorganisms involves three aspects:1) the ground control; 2)the use of special materials in orbit; 3) the sterilization. In 2003, the NASA issues a series of requirements about the microbials in the ISS. This paper puts forward two microbial detection methods: the ATP bioluminescence and the method of measuring the iodine number and the silver ions. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods and considering many respective aspects, it is shown that the monitoring the amount of iodine and silver ions is an efficient way to control the amount of microorganisms.%如何控制空间站水循环处理系统的微生物数量对于保证航天员的饮用水和生活用水十分重要。微生物数量超标会对航天员身体健康产生影响，某些硫酸盐还原菌也会附着在管道设备上并发生化学反应，产生的H2S 气体会腐蚀设备。控制水循环处理系统的微生物有地面控制、选用特殊材料和在轨杀菌共3个方面。2003年NASA给出了空间站中微生物控制的一系列要求。文章中提出了两种微生物检测方法：ATP生物发光法和比色固相萃取法测碘和银离子数量的方法，通过比较两者的优劣以及多方面的探究，最后，确定通过监测碘和银离子的数量来控制微生物数量更加方便有效。
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