为了研究油菜联合收获与分段收获2种收获方式的差异，采用人工模拟联合收获和分段收获方法，对2种收获方式收获效果进行对比试验，对不同收获时间的收获经济系数、籽粒和茎秆含水率、收获损失率以及菜籽品质进行测试。同时通过2种收获机具进行田间生产试验，对2种收获方式的机具性能、经济性、适应性等方面进行全面的比较分析。结果表明：人工模拟分段收获平均损失率为3.2%，比人工模拟联合收获（平均损失率6.51%）下降50.8%，菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量没有明显差别。机械化分段收获比联合收获每公顷经济效益提高361元，腾地时间提早4.8 d，对作物适应性强，籽粒和秸秆含水率较低，利于菜籽保存和秸秆粉碎，但存在机器2次下地作业，适应阴雨天能力差等缺点。联合收获具有便捷、高效的优点，但对作物适应性差，损失率高。通过比较分析得出2种收获方式的优缺点，为油菜收获方式的选择以及油菜机械化的发展方向提供参考依据。%In order to find out the differences between two methods of rape harvest, i.e. combine harvesting and two-stage harvesting and to provide a reasoning basis for choosing mechanized harvesting method, the simulation contrast experiments of the two harvesting methods were carried out in this paper, and the economic coefficient, grain water content, stalk moisture content, loss rate and seed quality were tested at different harvesting times. Artificial simulation of combine harvesting means artificial direct harvesting (ADH). First, the rape was cut down from a randomized plot of 5 square meters in the field, moved to a threshing ground, and then threshed and separated by manual labor immediately. The total loss was the sum of those occurred in oilseed rape due to natural shedding, crop disturbance by human being, and threshing and separation losses. The artificial two-stage harvesting (ATH) means cutting down the rapes and picking up them in different periods. The rape should be aired for 4~5 days after cutting down, then threshed and cleaned by manual labor. The artificial simulation experiments showed that the seed loss of ADH got to 3.2%, 50.8%lower than that of ATH, 6.51%, and the oilseed qualities of the two harvesting methods had no obvious difference, however the oil content of ADH was slightly higher than ATH, while its protein content was slightly lower. Besides, the two kinds of mechanized harvesting experiments were carried out. Fifteen types of combine harvesters produced by 12 enterprises were put in use in the two-stage harvesting. The loss rate, broken rate, impurity rate and operation efficiency were measured. Except the impurity rate, the measurements of mechanized two-stage harvesting (MTH) were better than mechanized combine harvesting (MCH). Further more, economic efficiencies of the two harvesting modes were analyzed. The fuel cost, labor cost, workload in life period, depreciation cost, income of yield increase and comprehensive benefit in the lifetime were compared. The results indicated that the economic benefit of MTH was 361 yuan/hm2 higher than that of MCH. In addition, the two harvesting methods were comparatively analyzed based on the machinery performance, adaptability and some other aspects. The time of vacating field for the next crop could be about 4.8 days earlier in MTH. And it had widespread adaptability to various rapes and different harvest conditions, also had superiority in seeds storage and straw chopping because of the lower moisture content. However, finishing the swathing and picking up in two operations was one of the imperfections, and another was its relatively poor ability of adapting to cloudy day or continuous rain. MCH was relatively more convenient and had higher efficiency for it could finish harvesting in shorter time, but it didn’t well adapt to different crop morphologies, and had high loss rate if the rape of improper breed was not gathered in time. The analyses indicate that the two harvesting methods have their own advantages and disadvantages and adapt to different regions and conditions, so the two methods will have further development in China, and should be chosen and used in accordance with local conditions.
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