现代水轮机的开发与设计起始于20世纪初,受当时观念及各方面技术的限制,在设计时没有将保护洄游鱼类安全通过水轮机的问题纳入设计的考虑范畴. 通过相关文献调查,介绍了鱼类通过水轮机流道时所受的伤害及受伤机理,并分析总结了现有的过鱼水轮机设计理念和相应的设计实践. 从机械结构、流体动力学、鱼类生物特性方面提出了针对上述设计理念的认识和思考. 可为我国"过鱼水轮机"(也称"亲鱼型水轮机")的进一步研究与设计提供参考.%The design and development of modern hydro-turbines started in early 20th century and in that time, assuring the migratory fishes to swim through the turbines safely was not taken into account due to conceptional and technical restrictions. Peo-ple are now paying growing attention to environmental protection issues among which the damage to fishes by hydro-generators has drawn widespread concern. Based on the design idea that the modern hydro-turbines should be conducive to the protection of water quality and aquatic animals, the suggestions and measures to optimize the structural design and operation of hydro-tur-bines are proposed according to the damage to fishes through the flow channels of the turbine and the damage mechanism in the turbine. The design experiences of Wanapum Hydropower Station in the U.S provide reference for the further research and design of fish-friendly hydro-turbines. The types and preventive measures of damage to fishes, the damage mechanism analysis, and the design idea of environmentally sound fish-friendly hydro-turbines are also introduced.
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