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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Annals of Occupational Hygiene >Work Inside Ocean Freight Containers—Personal Exposure to Off-Gassing Chemicals
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Work Inside Ocean Freight Containers—Personal Exposure to Off-Gassing Chemicals

机译：在海运集装箱内工作—个人暴露于废气中的化学物质

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More than 500 million ocean freight container units are shipped annually between countries and continents. Residual levels of fumigants, as well as naturally occurring off-gassing chemicals emanating from the goods, constitute safety risks, which may affect uniformed workers upon entering the container. The aim of this study was to assess workers’ exposure during stripping of containers and is the first study of its kind. First, an experimental tracer gas method was investigated to determine its usefulness to approximate real exposures from gaseous fumigants and off-gassing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Nitrous oxide was injected and left to distribute in the closed containers. The distribution of the tracer gas and initial (arrival) concentrations of off-gassing volatiles were measured prior to opening the containers. Second, personal exposure (breathing zone) and work zone air monitoring of both tracer gas and VOCs were carried out during stripping. Adsorbent tubes, bag samples, and direct-readings instruments (photoionization detector and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry) were used. The distribution studies with nitrous oxide, and the high correlation between the former and VOCs (r 2 ~ 0.8) during stripping, showed that the tracer gas method may well be used to approximate real exposures in containers. The average breathing zone and work zone concentrations during stripping of naturally ventilated 40-foot containers were 1–7% of the arrival concentrations; however, peaks up to 70% were seen during opening. Even if average exposures during stripping are significantly lower than arrival concentrations, they may still represent serious violations of occupational exposure limits in high-risk containers. The results from this and previous studies illustrate the need to establish practices for the safe handling of ocean freight containers. Until comprehensive recommendations are in place, personnel that need to enter such containers should, in addition to appropriate personal protective equipment, have access to equipment for measuring contaminants and for applying forced ventilation when necessary.
机译：每年在国家和大洲之间运送的海上货运集装箱单位超过5亿个。残留的熏蒸剂水平以及从货物中散发出的自然产生的除气化学物质构成安全隐患，在进入集装箱时可能会影响穿制服的工人。这项研究的目的是评估工人在剥离容器时的暴露程度，这是同类研究中的第一项。首先，研究了一种示踪气体实验方法，以确定其对逼近来自气态熏蒸剂和脱气的挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的实际暴露的有用性。注入一氧化二氮，并使其分布在密闭的容器中。在打开容器之前，先测量示踪气体的分布和除气挥发物的初始（到达）浓度。其次，在汽提过程中对示踪气体和VOC进行了个人暴露（呼吸区）和工作区空气监测。使用吸附剂管，袋子样品和直接读数仪器（光电离检测器和傅立叶变换红外光谱法）。用一氧化二氮进行的分布研究以及汽提过程中前者与VOC之间的高度相关性（r 2 〜0.8）表明，示踪气体法很可能可以用来近似估计容器中的实际暴露量。剥离自然通风的40英尺容器期间，平均呼吸区和工作区浓度为到达浓度的1–7％。但是，开放期间看到的峰值高达70％。即使在剥离过程中的平均暴露水平大大低于到达浓度，它们仍可能严重违反高风险容器中的职业暴露极限。这项研究和以前的研究结果表明，需要建立安全处理海运集装箱的做法。在提出全面建议之前，除适当的个人防护设备外，需要进入此类容器的人员还应可使用用于测量污染物和在必要时进行强制通风的设备。

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