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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>BMJ Open Access >Assessment of the European Unions illicit trade agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies
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Assessment of the European Unions illicit trade agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies

机译：评估欧盟与四家主要跨国烟草公司的非法贸易协定

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To address the illicit cigarette trade, the European Union (EU) has signed agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies (TTCs) that involve establishing extensive systems of cooperation. All agreements foresee two types of payments: annual payments (totalling US$ 1.9 billion over 20 years) and supplementary seizure payments, equivalent to 100% of the evaded taxes in the event of seizures of their products. While limited by the fundamental lack of transparency in this area, our analysis suggests that these agreements have served largely to secure the TTCs’ interests and are threatening progress in tobacco control. The seizure payments are paltry and a wholly inadequate deterrent to TTC involvement in illicit trade. Despite the agreements, growing evidence indicates the TTCs remain involved in the illicit trade or are at best failing to secure their supply chains as required by the agreements. The intention of the seizure-based payments to deter the tobacco industry from further involvement in the illicit cigarette trade has failed because the agreements contain too many loopholes that provide TTCs with both the incentive and opportunity to classify seized cigarettes as counterfeit. In addition, the shifting nature of cigarette smuggling from larger to smaller consignments often results in seizures that are too small to qualify for the payments. Consequently, the seizure payments represent a tiny fraction of the revenue lost from cigarette smuggling, between 2004 and 2012, 0.08% of the estimated losses due to illicit cigarette trade in the EU. Our evidence suggests the EU should end these agreements.
机译：为了解决非法卷烟贸易，欧洲联盟（EU）已与四家主要的跨国烟草公司（TTC）签署了涉及建立广泛合作体系的协议。所有协议都规定了两种付款方式：年度付款（20年共计19亿美元）和补充扣押付款，相当于扣押其产品时逃税的100％。尽管受到该领域根本缺乏透明度的限制，但我们的分析表明，这些协议在很大程度上确保了TTC的利益，并威胁到烟草控制的进展。扣押的款项微不足道，完全不足以阻止TTC参与非法贸易。尽管达成了这些协议，但越来越多的证据表明，TTC仍然参与非法贸易，或者充其量没有按照协议的要求确保其供应链。基于扣押的付款意图阻止烟草业进一步参与非法卷烟贸易的意图失败了，因为协议中存在太多漏洞，使TTC既有动机又有机会将被扣押的卷烟归类为假冒产品。此外，香烟走私的性质从大件货物转移到小件货物，通常会导致缉获量太小而无法获得付款。因此，缉获付款仅占香烟走私所造成的收入损失的一小部分，在2004年至2012年期间，占欧盟非法香烟贸易造成的估计损失的0.08％。我们的证据表明，欧盟应终止这些协议。

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