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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine >Social Conditions and Urban Health Inequities: Realities Challenges and Opportunities to Transform the Urban Landscape through Research and Action
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Social Conditions and Urban Health Inequities: Realities Challenges and Opportunities to Transform the Urban Landscape through Research and Action

机译：社会条件和城市健康不平等：通过研究和行动改变城市景观的现实挑战和机遇

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摘要

The process of urbanization entails social improvements with the consequential better quality-of-life for urban residents. However, in many low-income and some middle-income countries, urbanization conveys inequality and exclusion, creating cities and dwellings characterized by poverty, overcrowded conditions, poor housing, severe pollution, and absence of basic services such as water and sanitation. Slums in large cities often have an absence of schools, transportation, health centers, recreational facilities, and other such amenities. Additionally, the persistence of certain conditions, such as poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, and high population turnover, contributes to a lowered ability of individuals and communities to control crime, vandalism, and violence. The social vulnerability in health is not a “natural” or predefined condition but occurs because of the unequal social context that surrounds the daily life of the disadvantaged, and often, socially excluded groups. Social exclusion of individuals and groups is a major threat to development, whether to the community social cohesion and economic prosperity or to the individual self-realization through lack of recognition and acceptance, powerlessness, economic vulnerability, ill health, diminished life experiences, and limited life prospects. In contrast, social inclusion is seen to be vital to the material, psychosocial, and political aspects of empowerment that underpin social well-being and equitable health. Successful experiences of cooperation and networking between slum-based organizations, grassroots groups, local and international NGOs, and city government are important mechanisms that can be replicated in urban settings of different low- and middle-income countries. With increasing urbanization, it is imperative to design health programs for the urban poor that take full advantage of the social resources and resourcefulness of their own communities.
机译：城市化进程需要改善社会，从而改善城市居民的生活质量。但是，在许多低收入和一些中等收入国家，城市化进程带来了不平等和排斥现象，造成了城市和住宅，其特点是贫穷，人满为患，住房状况差，污染严重，缺乏基本服务如水和卫生设施。大城市的贫民窟通常没有学校，交通，医疗中心，娱乐设施和其他此类设施。此外，贫困，种族异质性和高人口流动等某些条件的持续存在，导致个人和社区控制犯罪，故意破坏和暴力行为的能力下降。健康方面的社会脆弱性不是“自然的”或预定的状况，而是由于围绕弱势群体（通常是被社会排斥的群体）的日常生活存在不平等的社会环境而发生的。个人和群体的社会排斥是发展的主要威胁，无论是对社区的社会凝聚力和经济繁荣，还是对个人的认识，都是由于缺乏认识和接受，无能为力，经济脆弱性，健康状况差，生活经验减少以及能力有限所致。生活前景。相反，人们认为，社会包容对于增强社会福祉和公平健康的物质，心理，政治方面的赋权至关重要。贫民窟组织，基层团体，地方和国际非政府组织以及城市政府之间成功的合作与联网经验是可以在不同的中低收入国家的城市环境中复制的重要机制。随着城市化进程的加快，必须为城市穷人设计充分利用其社区的社会资源和机智的健康计划。

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