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The Biodiversity and Geochemistry of Cryoconite Holes in Queen Maud Land East Antarctica

机译：南极东部毛德皇后地区冰冻孔的生物多样性和地球化学

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摘要

Cryoconite holes are oases of microbial diversity on ice surfaces. In contrast to the Arctic, where during the summer most cryoconite holes are ‘open’, in Continental Antarctica they are most often ‘lidded’ or completely frozen year-round. Thus, they represent ideal systems for the study of microbial community assemblies as well as carbon accumulation, since individual cryoconite holes can be isolated from external inputs for years. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing of the 16S and 18S rRNA genes to describe the bacterial and eukaryotic community compositions in cryoconite holes and surrounding lake, snow, soil and rock samples in Queen Maud Land. We cross correlate our findings with a broad range of geochemical data including for the first time 13C and 14C analyses of Antarctic cryoconites. We show that the geographic location has a larger effect on the distribution of the bacterial community compared to the eukaryotic community. Cryoconite holes are distinct from the local soils in both 13C and 14C and their isotopic composition is different from similar samples from the Arctic. Carbon contents were generally low (≤0.2%) and older (6–10 ky) than the surrounding soils, suggesting that the cryoconite holes are much more isolated from the atmosphere than the soils.
机译：暗孔洞是冰表面微生物多样性的绿洲。与夏季大多数冰冻洞是“开放的”北极相反，在南极洲大陆，它们全年常被“盖住”或完全冻结。因此，它们代表了研究微生物群落以及碳积累的理想系统，因为单个冰晶孔可以与外部输入隔离多年。在这里，我们使用16S和18S rRNA基因的高通量测序来描述毛德皇后地区冰冻洞和周围湖泊，雪，土壤和岩石样品中的细菌和真核生物群落组成。我们将我们的发现与广泛的地球化学数据进行交叉关联，包括首次对南极冰冻岩进行 13 C和 14 C分析。我们显示，与真核生物群落相比，地理位置对细菌群落的分布影响更大。在 13 C和 14 C中，低温岩孔不同于当地土壤，其同位素组成与北极地区的类似样品不同。碳含量通常比周围的土壤低（≤0.2％），并且比周围的土壤老（6-10 ky），这表明，与土壤相比，冰晶孔与大气的隔离程度更高。

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