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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Microbial Cell Factories >Characteristics and adaptability of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms used for the recovery of metals from minerals and their concentrates
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Characteristics and adaptability of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms used for the recovery of metals from minerals and their concentrates

机译：用于从矿物质及其精矿中回收金属的铁和硫氧化微生物的特性和适应性

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Microorganisms are used in large-scale heap or tank aeration processes for the commercial extraction of a variety of metals from their ores or concentrates. These include copper, cobalt, gold and, in the past, uranium. The metal solubilization processes are considered to be largely chemical with the microorganisms providing the chemicals and the space (exopolysaccharide layer) where the mineral dissolution reactions occur. Temperatures at which these processes are carried out can vary from ambient to 80°C and the types of organisms present depends to a large extent on the process temperature used. Irrespective of the operation temperature, biomining microbes have several characteristics in common. One shared characteristic is their ability to produce the ferric iron and sulfuric acid required to degrade the mineral and facilitate metal recovery. Other characteristics are their ability to grow autotrophically, their acid-tolerance and their inherent metal resistance or ability to acquire metal resistance. Although the microorganisms that drive the process have the above properties in common, biomining microbes usually occur in consortia in which cross-feeding may occur such that a combination of microbes including some with heterotrophic tendencies may contribute to the efficiency of the process. The remarkable adaptability of these organisms is assisted by several of the processes being continuous-flow systems that enable the continual selection of microorganisms that are more efficient at mineral degradation. Adaptability is also assisted by the processes being open and non-sterile thereby permitting new organisms to enter. This openness allows for the possibility of new genes that improve cell fitness to be selected from the horizontal gene pool. Characteristics that biomining microorganisms have in common and examples of their remarkable adaptability are described.
机译：微生物用于大规模堆或罐曝气工艺中，用于从矿石或精矿中商业提取多种金属。这些包括铜，钴，金和过去的铀。金属的增溶过程被认为主要是化学过程，微生物提供了化学物质和发生矿物质溶解反应的空间（多糖外层）。进行这些过程的温度可以从环境温度变化到80°C，并且存在的生物类型在很大程度上取决于所使用的过程温度。与操作温度无关，生物采矿微生物具有几个共同的特征。一个共同的特征是它们具有产生降解矿物和促进金属回收所需的三价铁和硫酸的能力。其他特征是它们自养的能力，耐酸性和固有的金属抗性或获得金属抗性的能力。尽管驱动该过程的微生物具有上述共同的特性，但生物开采微生物通常发生在可能发生交叉进给的财团中，因此包括某些具有异养趋向的微生物的组合可能有助于该过程的效率。这些生物的非凡适应性得益于连续流系统中的几个过程，这些过程使得能够连续选择对矿物降解更有效的微生物。开放和非无菌的过程也有助于适应性，从而允许新生物进入。这种开放性使得可以从水平基因库中选择提高细胞适应性的新基因。描述了生物采矿微生物的共同特征以及其卓越的适应性实例。

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