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3D Printing of PLA/clay Nanocomposites: Influence of Printing Temperature on Printed Samples Properties

机译：PLA /粘土纳米复合材料的3D打印：打印温度对打印样品特性的影响

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In this study, the possibility of using a layered silicate-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) in additive manufacturing applications was investigated. In particular, the aim of this work was to study the influence of printing temperature in the 3D printing process of PLA/clay nanocomposites. For this reason, two PLA grades (4032D and 2003D, D-isomer content 1.5 and 4, respectively) were melt-compounded by a twin screw extruder with a layered silicate (Cloisite 30B) at 4 wt %. Then, PLA and PLA/clay feedstock filaments (diameter 1.75 mm) were produced using a single screw extruder. Dog-bone and prismatic specimens were 3D printed using the FDM technique at three different temperatures, which were progressively increased from melting temperature (185–200–215 °C for PLA 4032D and 165–180–195 °C for PLA 2003D). PLA and PLA/clay specimens were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests. Moreover, the morphology of the 3D printed specimens was investigated using optical microscopy and contact angle measurements. The different polymer matrix and the resulting nanocomposite morphology strongly influenced 3D printed specimen properties. DMA on PLA/clay filaments reported an increase in storage modulus both at ambient temperature and above the glass transition temperature in comparison to neat PLA filaments. Furthermore, the presence of nanoclay increased thermal stability, as demonstrated by TGA, and acted as a nucleating agent, as observed from the DSC measurements. Finally, for 3D printed samples, when increasing printing temperature, a different behavior was observed for the two PLA grades and their nanocomposites. In particular, 3D printed nanocomposite samples exhibited higher elastic modulus than neat PLA specimens, but for PLA 4032D+C30B, elastic modulus increased at increasing printing temperature while for PLA 2003D+C30B slightly decreased. Such different behavior can be explained considering the different polymer macromolecular structure and the different nanocomposite morphology (exfoliated in PLA 4032D matrix and intercalated in PLA 2003D matrix).
机译：在这项研究中，研究了在增材制造应用中使用层状硅酸盐增强聚乳酸（PLA）的可能性。特别地，这项工作的目的是研究印刷温度在PLA /粘土纳米复合材料的3D打印过程中的影响。因此，通过双螺杆挤出机将两种PLA等级（4032D和2003D，D-异构体含量分别为1.5和4）与4重量％的层状硅酸盐（Cloisite 30B）熔融混合。然后，使用单螺杆挤出机生产PLA和PLA /粘土原料丝（直径1.75 mm）。使用FDM技术在三个不同的温度下对狗骨头和棱柱形样品进行3D打印，这三个温度从熔化温度开始逐渐升高（PLA 4032D为185-200-215°C，PLA 2003D为165-180-195°C）。使用热重分析（TGA），动态力学分析（DMA），差示扫描量热法（DSC）和拉伸试验对PLA和PLA /粘土样品进行表征。此外，使用光学显微镜和接触角测量研究了3D打印样品的形态。不同的聚合物基质和所得的纳米复合材料形态极大地影响了3D打印样品的性能。与纯PLA丝相比，在PLA /粘土丝上的DMA报告了在环境温度和高于玻璃化转变温度下的储能模量都有所增加。此外，如通过TGA所证明的，纳米粘土的存在增加了热稳定性，并且如从DSC测量中观察到的那样，其充当成核剂。最后，对于3D打印的样品，当提高打印温度时，两种PLA级及其纳米复合材料的行为有所不同。特别是，3D打印的纳米复合材料样品的弹性模量高于纯PLA样品，但对于PLA 4032D + C30B，其弹性模量在印刷温度升高的情况下增加，而对于PLA 2003D + C30B则略有下降。可以考虑不同的聚合物大分子结构和不同的纳米复合材料形态（在PLA 4032D基质中剥落并在PLA 2003D基质中嵌入）来解释这种不同的行为。

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