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Benveniste’s Experiments Explained by a Non-Conventional Experimenter Effect

机译:Benveniste的实验以非常规的实验者效应来解释

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摘要

>Background: Benveniste’s biology experiments suggested the existence of molecular-like effects without molecules (“memory of water”). In this article, it is proposed that these disputed experiments could have been the consequence of a previously unnoticed and non-conventional experimenter effect. >Methods: A probabilistic modelling is built in order to describe an elementary laboratory experiment. A biological system is modelled with two possible states (“resting” and “activated”) and exposed to two experimental conditions labelled “control” and “test”, but both are biologically inactive. The modelling takes into account not only the biological system, but also the experimenters. In addition, an outsider standpoint is adopted to describe the experimental situation. >Results: A classical approach suggests that, after experiment completion, the “control” and “test” labels of biologically-inactive conditions should both be associated with the “resting” state (i.e., no significant relationship between labels and system states). However, if the fluctuations of the biological system are also considered, a quantum-like relationship emerges and connects labels and system states (analogous to a biological “effect” without molecules). >Conclusions: No hypotheses about water properties or other exotic explanations are needed to describe Benveniste’s experiments, including their unusual features. This modelling could be extended to other experimental situations in biology, medicine, and psychology.
机译:>背景: Benveniste的生物学实验表明,存在没有分子的类分子效应(“水的记忆”)。在这篇文章中,建议这些有争议的实验可能是以前没有引起注意和非常规的实验者效应的结果。 >方法:为了描述基本的实验室实验,建立了概率模型。用两个可能的状态(“静止”和“激活”)对生物系统进行建模,并使其暴露于标记为“对照”和“测试”的两个实验条件下,但两者均无生物学活性。建模不仅要考虑生物系统,还要考虑实验者。另外,采用局外人的观点来描述实验情况。 >结果:一种经典方法建议,在实验完成后,生物惰性条件的“对照”和“测试”标签都应与“静止”状态相关联(即,标签和系统状态)。但是,如果还考虑生物系统的波动,则会出现类似量子的关系并将其连接到标记和系统状态(类似于没有分子的生物“效应”)。 >结论:不需要关于水属性的假设或其他奇特的解释来描述Benveniste的实验,包括其不寻常的特征。该模型可以扩展到生物学,医学和心理学领域的其他实验情况。

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