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Bioinspired Materials: From Living Systems to New Concepts in Materials Chemistry

机译：受生物启发的材料：从生命系统到材料化学的新概念

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摘要

Nature successfully employs inorganic solid-state materials (i.e., biominerals) and hierarchical composites as sensing elements, weapons, tools, and shelters. Optimized over hundreds of millions of years under evolutionary pressure, these materials are exceptionally well adapted to the specifications of the functions that they perform. As such, they serve today as an extensive library of engineering solutions. Key to their design is the interplay between components across length scales. This hierarchical design—a hallmark of biogenic materials—creates emergent functionality not present in the individual constituents and, moreover, confers a distinctly increased functional density, i.e., less material is needed to provide the same performance. The latter aspect is of special importance today, as climate change drives the need for the sustainable and energy-efficient production of materials. Made from mundane materials, these bioceramics act as blueprints for new concepts in the synthesis and morphosynthesis of multifunctional hierarchical materials under mild conditions. In this review, which also may serve as an introductory guide for those entering this field, we demonstrate how the pursuit of studying biomineralization transforms and enlarges our view on solid-state material design and synthesis, and how bioinspiration may allow us to overcome both conceptual and technical boundaries.
机译：大自然成功地采用了无机固态材料（即生物矿物）和分层复合材料作为传感元件，武器，工具和掩体。这些材料经过不断发展的压力经过数亿年的优化，特别适合其所执行功能的规格。因此，它们如今已成为广泛的工程解决方案库。其设计的关键是跨长度标尺的组件之间的相互作用。这种分层的设计（一种生物材料的标志）创造了各个成分所不具备的新兴功能，而且赋予了功能密度显着增加的权利，即，提供相同性能所需的材料更少。由于气候变化推动了对可持续和高能效材料生产的需求，因此后一个方面在今天特别重要。这些生物陶瓷由普通材料制成，是在温和条件下多功能分级材料的合成和形态合成中新概念的蓝图。在这篇综述中，这也可以作为那些进入该领域的入门指南。我们演示了研究生物矿化如何改变并扩大了我们对固态材料设计和合成的看法，以及生物启发如何使我们能够克服概念和技术界限。

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