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Impacts of variability and change in rainfall on gender of farmers in Anambra Southeast Nigeria

机译：尼日利亚东南部阿南布拉的降雨变化和降雨变化对农民性别的影响

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Men and women farmers experience different impacts of climate variability and change (CVC). Research on the differentiated impacts of variability and change in rainfall on gender is limited in the study area. This study examined perceptions and experience of men and women farmers on the impacts of CVC, using climate data and farmers' perception from a gender perspective. It examined the effect of CVC on annual and seasonal rainfall, number of rain days, onset and cessation of rainfall; perceived impacts of CVC on annual and seasonal rainfall and compared the measured (meteorological) impacts with the perceived impacts across gender. Mixed methods of qualitative and quantitative data collection and participatory rural approaches were used. Household survey of 50% men and 50% women each were conducted in six farming communities. Data analysis involved the use of annual rainfall trends, Annual Rainfall Anomaly (ARA), Standardized Annual Rainfall Anomaly (SARA), regression analysis percentages and chi-square. Results reveal the occurrences of more dry years than wet years (ARA and SARA <0.00) in the three locations. There were wide variability and changes in inter-annual rainfall in Ogbaru (R2 = 0.0003), Anambra East (R2 = 0.0071) and Ayamelum (R2 = 0.0014). Seasonal rainfall was unevenly distributed from 2007-2016. There were wide variations in dates of onset and cessation of rainy season (R2 = 0.006) and number of rain days (R2 = 0.009). Men and women responses revealed that there were statistically significant (p < 0.005) changes in the onset of rainy season, early cessation of annual rainfall; alteration of growing seasons; frequent flooding and frequent drought. Women felt more impact of food insecurity, water shortage and had more burden of migration due to changes in rainfall. This study concludes that respondents perceived and experienced impacts of CVC which varied across gender. Hence, it recommends the provision of sustainable water and irrigation system which should encourage women's participation in the construction, maintenance and management among others.
机译：男女农民经历气候变化和变化（CVC）的不同影响。在研究区域内，关于降雨的变异性和变化对性别的不同影响的研究非常有限。这项研究使用气候数据和农民对性别的看法，考察了男性和女性农民对CVC影响的看法和经验。它检查了CVC对年度和季节性降雨，降雨天数，降雨开始和停止的影响； CVC对年度和季节性降雨的感知影响，并将测得的（气象）影响与跨性别的感知影响进行比较。使用了定性和定量数据收集的混合方法以及参与性农村方法。在六个农业社区中分别对50％的男性和50％的女性进行了家庭调查。数据分析涉及使用年度降雨量趋势，年度降雨量异常（ARA），标准化年度降雨量异常（SARA），回归分析百分比和卡方。结果表明，在这三个地区，干旱年份的发生多于潮湿年份（ARA和SARA <0.00）。 Ogbaru（R 2 = 0.0003），Anambra East（R 2 = 0.0071）和Ayamelum（R 2 = 0.0014）。 2007-2016年，季节性降雨分布不均。雨季的起止日期（R 2 = 0.006）和雨天数（R 2 = 0.009）差异很大。男性和女性的反应表明，雨季的开始，年降雨量的提前停止在统计上有显着变化（p <0.005）；生长季节的改变；频繁的洪水和频繁的干旱。由于降雨的变化，妇女感到粮食不安全，缺水的影响更大，移徙负担增加。这项研究得出的结论是，受访者认为并经历了CVC的影响，且影响因性别而异。因此，委员会建议提供可持续的水和灌溉系统，该系统应鼓励妇女参与建筑，维护和管理等工作。

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