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Developmental Modes and Developmental Mechanisms can Channel Brain Evolution

机译：发展模式和发展机制可以引导大脑进化

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Anseriform birds (ducks and geese) as well as parrots and songbirds have evolved a disproportionately enlarged telencephalon compared with many other birds. However, parrots and songbirds differ from anseriform birds in their mode of development. Whereas ducks and geese are precocial (e.g., hatchlings feed on their own), parrots and songbirds are altricial (e.g., hatchlings are fed by their parents). We here consider how developmental modes may limit and facilitate specific changes in the mechanisms of brain development. We suggest that altriciality facilitates the evolution of telencephalic expansion by delaying telencephalic neurogenesis. We further hypothesize that delays in telencephalic neurogenesis generate delays in telencephalic maturation, which in turn foster neural adaptations that facilitate learning. Specifically, we propose that delaying telencephalic neurogenesis was a prerequisite for the evolution of neural circuits that allow parrots and songbirds to produce learned vocalizations. Overall, we argue that developmental modes have influenced how some lineages of birds increased the size of their telencephalon and that this, in turn, has influenced subsequent changes in brain circuits and behavior.
机译：与许多其他鸟类相比，无脊椎动物的鸟类（鸭子和鹅）以及鹦鹉和鸣禽进化出的端脑放大比例不成比例。但是，鹦鹉和鸣鸟的发育方式与无瓣形鸟类不同。鸭和鹅是性交前的（例如，孵化的鱼是自己喂养的），鹦鹉和鸣鸟是白化的（例如，孵化的鱼是由父母喂养的）。我们在这里考虑发展模式如何限制和促进大脑发育机制的特定变化。我们建议，通过延迟脑神经的神经发生，Altricality促进了脑脑扩张的发展。我们进一步假设，端脑神经发生延迟会导致端脑成熟延迟，进而促进神经适应，从而促进学习。具体来说，我们提出延迟端脑神经发生是允许鹦鹉和鸣鸟产生学习的发声的神经回路进化的先决条件。总的来说，我们认为发育方式影响了某些鸟类谱系如何增加其端脑的大小，而这反过来又影响了脑回路和行为的后续变化。

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