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Fernando de Castro and the discovery of the arterial chemoreceptors

机译：费尔南多·德卡斯特罗（Fernando de Castro）和动脉化学感受器的发现

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When de Castro entered the carotid body (CB) field, the organ was considered to be a small autonomic ganglion, a gland, a glomus or glomerulus, or a paraganglion. In his 1928 paper, de Castro concluded: “In sum, the Glomus caroticum is innervated by centripetal fibers, whose trophic centers are located in the sensory ganglia of the glossopharyngeal, and not by centrifugal [efferent] or secretomotor fibers as is the case for glands; these are precisely the facts which lead to suppose that the Glomus caroticum is a sensory organ.” A few pages down, de Castro wrote: “The Glomus represents an organ with multiple receptors furnished with specialized receptor cells like those of other sensory organs [taste buds?]…As a plausible hypothesis we propose that the Glomus caroticum represents a sensory organ, at present the only one in its kind, dedicated to capture certain qualitative variations in the composition of blood, a function that, possibly by a reflex mechanism would have an effect on the functional activity of other organs… Therefore, the sensory fiber would not be directly stimulated by blood, but via the intermediation of the epithelial cells of the organ, which, as their structure suggests, possess a secretory function which would participate in the stimulation of the centripetal fibers.” In our article we will recreate the experiments that allowed Fernando de Castro to reach this first conclusion. Also, we will scrutinize the natural endowments and the scientific knowledge that drove de Castro to make the triple hypotheses: the CB as chemoreceptor (variations in blood composition), as a secondary sensory receptor which functioning involves a chemical synapse, and as a center, origin of systemic reflexes. After a brief account of the systemic reflex effects resulting from the CB stimulation, we will complete our article with a general view of the cellular-molecular mechanisms currently thought to be involved in the functioning of this arterial chemoreceptor.
机译：当de Castro进入颈动脉体（CB）领域时，该器官被认为是小型自主神经节，腺体，肾小球或肾小球或副神经节。 de Castro在其1928年的论文中得出结论：“总的来说，牛舌草受向心纤维支配，其营养中心位于舌咽部的感觉神经节，而不是像离心分离的或出汗纤维那样。腺体这些正是事实，导致人们认为Glomus caroticum是一种感觉器官。”几页下来，de Castro写道：“ Glomus代表具有多种受体的器官，并配备了专门的受体细胞，就像其他感觉器官（味蕾）一样…………作为一个合理的假设，我们建议Glomus caroticum代表感觉器官，目前是同类产品中唯一的一种，专门用于捕获血液成分中的某些质量变化，这种功能可能通过反射机制来影响其他器官的功能活动……因此，感觉纤维不会通过血液直接刺激，但通过器官的上皮细胞的中介作用，如其结构所示，其具有分泌功能，可参与对向心纤维的刺激。”在我们的文章中，我们将重新创建使Fernando de Castro得出第一个结论的实验。此外，我们还将研究驱使de Castro提出三重假设的自然the赋和科学知识：CB作为化学感受器（血液成分的变化），作为涉及化学突触起作用的次要感觉受体以及作为中心，全身反射的起源。简要介绍了CB刺激引起的全身反射作用后，我们将以目前认为与该化学感受器功能有关的细胞分子机制的一般观点来完成本文。

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