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Chemical-biological reactions common to teratogenesis and mutagenesis

机译：致畸和诱变常见的化学生物反应

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Cytotoxic chemicals have in common the ability to act specifically on cells in cycle. Bacteria are more sensitive in the exponential growth phase than when growing slowly in media. Similar observations have been made on a variety of systems ranging from bacteria, yeast, higher plants and invertebrates to vertebrates including primates. The embryo and fetus are highly susceptible to cytotoxic agents because they have continuous groups of cells in the growth phase. Acutely toxic doses may cause cellular death and result in developmental defects or fetal death. Cytotoxic agents can be grouped as alkylating agents, electrophilic reactants, antimetabolites, intercalating agents, amino acid antagonists, spindle poisons, and an additional group of chemicals which covalently bind to DNA. These cytotoxic groups of chemicals may also be mutagenic by interacting with DNA to produce changes in sequences of nucleotides resulting in heritable defects either in a somatic cell line or in a germinal cell line. The mechanisms of chemical-induced teratogenicity and mutagenicity are similar. This commonality is further discussed in the text.
机译：细胞毒性化学物质具有共同在周期中特异性作用于细胞的能力。与在培养基中缓慢生长相比，细菌在指数生长阶段更敏感。在从细菌，酵母，高等植物和无脊椎动物到脊椎动物（包括灵长类）的各种系统上也进行了类似的观察。胚胎和胎儿对细胞毒剂高度敏感，因为它们在生长期具有连续的细胞群。急性中毒剂量可能会导致细胞死亡，并导致发育缺陷或胎儿死亡。细胞毒剂可分为烷基化剂，亲电反应物，抗代谢物，插层剂，氨基酸拮抗剂，纺锤体毒物和另外一组与DNA共价结合的化学物质。这些化学物质的细胞毒性基团也可以通过与DNA相互作用产生核苷酸序列的变化而诱变，从而导致体细胞系或生发细胞系中的遗传缺陷。化学诱导的致畸性和致突变性的机制相似。本文将进一步讨论这种共性。

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