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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Environmental Health Perspectives >Critical windows of exposure for childrens health: cancer in human epidemiological studies and neoplasms in experimental animal models.
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Critical windows of exposure for childrens health: cancer in human epidemiological studies and neoplasms in experimental animal models.

机译：对儿童健康至关重要的接触窗：人类流行病学研究中的癌症和实验动物模型中的肿瘤。

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摘要

In humans, cancer may be caused by genetics and environmental exposures; however, in the majority of instances the identification of the critical time window of exposure is problematic. The evidence for exposures occurring during the preconceptional period that have an association with childhood or adulthood cancers is equivocal. Agents definitely related to cancer in children, and adulthood if exposure occurs in utero, include: maternal exposure to ionizing radiation during pregnancy and childhood leukemia and certain other cancers, and maternal use of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy and clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina of their daughters. The list of environmental exposures that occur during the perinatal/postnatal period with potential to increase the risk of cancer is lengthening, but evidence available to date is inconsistent and inconclusive. In animal models, preconceptional carcinogenesis has been demonstrated for a variety of types of radiation and chemicals, with demonstrated sensitivity for all stages from fetal gonocytes to postmeiotic germ cells. Transplacental and neonatal carcinogenesis show marked ontogenetic stage specificity in some cases. Mechanistic factors include the number of cells at risk, the rate of cell division, the development of differentiated characteristics including the ability to activate and detoxify carcinogens, the presence of stem cells, and possibly others. Usefulness for human risk estimation would be strengthened by the study of these factors in more than one species, and by a focus on specific human risk issues.
机译：在人类中，癌症可能是由遗传和环境暴露引起的；但是，在大多数情况下，确定暴露的关键时间窗口是有问题的。在孕前期发生的与儿童期或成年期癌症相关的暴露证据是模棱两可的。与儿童癌症以及与子宫内成年期成年成年期绝对相关的药物包括：孕妇在妊娠，儿童白血病和某些其他癌症中暴露于电离辐射，以及孕妇在妊娠期间使用己烯雌酚和其阴道阴道透明细胞腺癌女儿。在围产期/产后期间发生的可能增加患癌风险的环境暴露的清单正在增加，但是迄今为止可获得的证据尚无定论。在动物模型中，已经证明了各种辐射和化学物质的孕前致癌作用，以及从胎儿生殖细胞到减数分裂后生殖细胞的所有阶段的敏感性。在某些情况下，胎盘和新生儿的癌变表现出明显的个体发育阶段特异性。机制因素包括处于危险中的细胞数量，细胞分裂速率，分化特征的发展（包括激活和解毒致癌物的能力，干细胞的存在以及可能的其他特征）。通过对不止一个物种的这些因素进行研究，并将重点放在特定的人类风险问题上，将加强对人类风险估计的有用性。

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