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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Environmental Health Perspectives >Linking Geological and Health Sciences to Assess Childhood Lead Poisoning from Artisanal Gold Mining in Nigeria
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Linking Geological and Health Sciences to Assess Childhood Lead Poisoning from Artisanal Gold Mining in Nigeria

机译：将地质与健康科学联系起来评估尼日利亚手工金矿的童年铅中毒

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Background: In 2010, Médecins Sans Frontières discovered a lead poisoning outbreak linked to artisanal gold processing in northwestern Nigeria. The outbreak has killed approximately 400 young children and affected thousands more.Objectives: Our aim was to undertake an interdisciplinary geological- and health-science assessment to clarify lead sources and exposure pathways, identify additional toxicants of concern and populations at risk, and examine potential for similar lead poisoning globally.Methods: We applied diverse analytical methods to ore samples, soil and sweep samples from villages and family compounds, and plant foodstuff samples.Results: Natural weathering of lead-rich gold ores before mining formed abundant, highly gastric-bioaccessible lead carbonates. The same fingerprint of lead minerals found in all sample types confirms that ore processing caused extreme contamination, with up to 185,000 ppm lead in soils/sweep samples and up to 145 ppm lead in plant foodstuffs. Incidental ingestion of soils via hand-to-mouth transmission and of dusts cleared from the respiratory tract is the dominant exposure pathway. Consumption of water and foodstuffs contaminated by the processing is likely lesser, but these are still significant exposure pathways. Although young children suffered the most immediate and severe consequences, results indicate that older children, adult workers, pregnant women, and breastfed infants are also at risk for lead poisoning. Mercury, arsenic, manganese, antimony, and crystalline silica exposures pose additional health threats.Conclusions: Results inform ongoing efforts in Nigeria to assess lead contamination and poisoning, treat victims, mitigate exposures, and remediate contamination. Ore deposit geology, pre-mining weathering, and burgeoning artisanal mining may combine to cause similar lead poisoning disasters elsewhere globally.
机译：背景：2010年，无国界医生组织在尼日利亚西北部发现了与手工金加工有关的铅中毒暴发。疫情已造成约400名幼儿死亡，成千上万的人受到影响。我们的目标是进行跨学科的地质和健康科学评估，以明确潜在的铅源和暴露途径，确定其他令人关注的毒物和处于危险之中的人群，并研究潜在危险方法：我们对矿石样品，村庄和家庭化合物的土壤和清扫样品以及植物食品样品应用了多种分析方法。结果：富铅金矿在开采前形成了丰富的，高度胃化的自然风化作用。生物可利用的碳酸铅。在所有样品类型中都发现相同的铅矿物指纹，这表明矿石加工引起了极度污染，土壤/清扫样品中的铅含量高达185,000 ppm，而植物食品中的铅含量高达145 ppm。主要的接触途径是通过人与人之间的口传播和从呼吸道清除的灰尘偶然摄入土壤。加工过程中污染的水和食品的消费量可能会减少，但是这些仍然是重要的暴露途径。尽管幼儿遭受最直接和最严重的后果，但结果表明，较大的儿童，成年工人，孕妇和母乳喂养的婴儿也有铅中毒的风险。汞，砷，锰，锑和结晶二氧化硅的接触构成了其他健康威胁。结论：结果为尼日利亚正在进行的评估铅污染和中毒，治疗受害者，减轻接触和补救污染的工作提供了依据。矿床地质，采矿前的风化和新兴的手工采矿可能共同导致全球其他地方发生类似的铅中毒灾难。

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