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Nonlinear Effects of Nanoparticles: Biological Variability From Hormetic Doses Small Particle Sizes and Dynamic Adaptive Interactions

机译:纳米粒子的非线性影响:剂量小粒径和动态自适应相互作用的生物变异性。

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摘要

Researchers are increasingly focused on the nanoscale level of organization where biological processes take place in living systems. Nanoparticles (NPs, e.g., 1–100 nm diameter) are small forms of natural or manufactured source material whose properties differ markedly from those of the respective bulk forms of the “same” material. Certain NPs have diagnostic and therapeutic uses; some NPs exhibit low-dose toxicity; other NPs show ability to stimulate low-dose adaptive responses (hormesis). Beyond dose, size, shape, and surface charge variations of NPs evoke nonlinear responses in complex adaptive systems. NPs acquire unique size-dependent biological, chemical, thermal, optical, electromagnetic, and atom-like quantum properties. Nanoparticles exhibit high surface adsorptive capacity for other substances, enhanced bioavailability, and ability to cross otherwise impermeable cell membranes including the blood-brain barrier. With super-potent effects, nano-forms can evoke cellular stress responses or therapeutic effects not only at lower doses than their bulk forms, but also for longer periods of time. Interactions of initial effects and compensatory systemic responses can alter the impact of NPs over time. Taken together, the data suggest the need to downshift the dose-response curve of NPs from that for bulk forms in order to identify the necessarily decreased no-observed-adverse-effect-level and hormetic dose range for nanoparticles.
机译:研究人员越来越关注组织在生物系统中发生生物过程的纳米级水平。纳米粒子(NP,例如直径为1-100 nm)是天然或人造来源材料的小形式,其性质与“相同”材料的各个整体形式的性质明显不同。某些NP具有诊断和治疗用途;一些NPs表现出低剂量毒性;其他NP显示出刺激低剂量适应性反应(兴奋剂)的能力。在复杂的自适应系统中,NPs的剂量,大小,形状和表面电荷的变化都会引起非线性响应。 NPs具有独特的尺寸依赖性生物,化学,热,光学,电磁和原子样量子性质。纳米颗粒具有对其他物质的高表面吸附能力,增强的生物利用度以及穿过原本不可渗透的细胞膜(包括血脑屏障)的能力。凭借超强效作用,纳米形式不仅可以以低于其整体形式的剂量引起细胞应激反应或治疗效果,还可以引起更长的时间。初始效果和补偿性全身反应的相互作用会随着时间的流逝改变NP的影响。总体而言,数据表明有必要将NP的剂量反应曲线从本体形式下移,以便确定必然降低的无观察到的不良作用水平和纳米颗粒的激素剂量范围。

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