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Electrophysiological experiments in microgravity: lessons learned and future challenges

机译：微重力下的电生理实验：经验教训和未来挑战

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Advances in electrophysiological experiments have led to the discovery of mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) and the identification of the physiological function of specific MSCs. They are believed to play important roles in mechanosensitive pathways by allowing for cells to sense their mechanical environment. However, the physiological function of many MSCs has not been conclusively identified. Therefore, experiments have been developed that expose cells to various mechanical loads, such as shear flow, membrane indentation, osmotic challenges and hydrostatic pressure. In line with these experiments, mechanical unloading, as experienced in microgravity, represents an interesting alternative condition, since exposure to microgravity leads to a series of physiological adaption processes. As outlined in this review, electrophysiological experiments performed in microgravity have shown an influence of gravity on biological functions depending on ion channels at all hierarchical levels, from the cellular level to organs. In this context, calcium signaling represents an interesting cellular pathway, as it involves the direct action of calcium-permeable ion channels, and specific gravitatic cells have linked graviperception to this pathway. Multiple key proteins in the graviperception pathways have been identified. However, measurements on vertebrae cells have revealed controversial results. In conclusion, electrophysiological experiments in microgravity have shown that ion-channel-dependent physiological processes are altered in mechanically unloaded conditions. Future experiments may provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
机译：电生理实验的进步导致了对机械敏感离子通道（MSCs）的发现以及对特定MSCs生理功能的鉴定。据信它们通过允许细胞感知其机械环境而在机械敏感途径中发挥重要作用。然而，尚未最终确定许多MSC的生理功能。因此，已经进行了使细胞暴露于各种机械负荷的实验，例如剪切流，膜压痕，渗透挑战和静水压力。与这些实验一致，在微重力作用下的机械卸载代表了一种有趣的替代条件，因为暴露于微重力作用会导致一系列生理适应过程。如本综述所述，在微重力下进行的电生理实验表明，重力对生物功能的影响取决于从细胞水平到器官的所有层次的离子通道。在这种情况下，钙信号传导代表了一个有趣的细胞途径，因为它涉及钙可渗透离子通道的直接作用，并且特定的引力细胞已将重力感知与该途径联系起来。已经确定了重力感受途径中的多个关键蛋白。然而，对椎骨细胞的测量显示了有争议的结果。总之，微重力下的电生理实验表明，在机械空载条件下，离子通道相关的生理过程会改变。未来的实验可能会更好地理解其潜在机制。

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