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Deconstructing internal ribosome entry site elements: an update of structural motifs and functional divergences

机译:解构内部核糖体进入位点元素:结构图案和功能差异的更新。

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摘要

Beyond the general cap-dependent translation initiation, eukaryotic organisms use alternative mechanisms to initiate protein synthesis. Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements are cis-acting RNA regions that promote internal initiation of translation using a cap-independent mechanism. However, their lack of primary sequence and secondary RNA structure conservation, as well as the diversity of host factor requirement to recruit the ribosomal subunits, suggest distinct types of IRES elements. In spite of this heterogeneity, conserved motifs preserve sequences impacting on RNA structure and RNA–protein interactions important for IRES-driven translation. This conservation brings the question of whether IRES elements could consist of basic building blocks, which upon evolutionary selection result in functional elements with different properties. Although RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) perform a crucial role in the assembly of ribonucleoprotein complexes, the versatility and plasticity of RNA molecules, together with their high flexibility and dynamism, determines formation of macromolecular complexes in response to different signals. These properties rely on the presence of short RNA motifs, which operate as modular entities, and suggest that decomposition of IRES elements in short modules could help to understand the different mechanisms driven by these regulatory elements. Here we will review evidence suggesting that model IRES elements consist of the combination of short modules, providing sites of interaction for ribosome subunits, eIFs and RBPs, with implications for definition of criteria to identify novel IRES-like elements genome wide.
机译:除了一般的帽依赖性翻译起始,真核生物还使用其他机制来起始蛋白质合成。内部核糖体进入位点(IRES)元件是顺式作用RNA区域,可使用不依赖帽的机制促进内部翻译的起始。然而,它们缺乏一级序列和二级RNA结构的保守性,以及募集核糖体亚基的宿主因子要求的多样性,提示了IRES元件的不同类型。尽管存在这种异质性,但保守的基序仍保留了影响RNA结构以及对IRES驱动的翻译非常重要的RNA与蛋白质相互作用的序列。这种保护提出了一个问题,即IRES元素是否可以由基本组成部分组成,这些组成部分在进化选择后会导致具有不同特性的功能元素。尽管RNA结合蛋白(RBP)在核糖核蛋白复合物的组装中起着至关重要的作用,但RNA分子的多功能性和可塑性以及它们的高柔韧性和动态性决定了响应于不同信号的大分子复合物的形成。这些特性依赖于作为模块实体运行的短RNA基序的存在,并表明IRES元素在短模块中的分解可以帮助理解由这些调控元件驱动的不同机制。在这里,我们将审查证据,表明模型IRES元素由短模块的组合组成,为核糖体亚基,eIF和RBP提供了相互作用的位点,对定义标准以鉴定全基因组新的IRES样元素具有影响。

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