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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked fleas as a mechanism explaining rapidly spreading plague epizootics
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Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked fleas as a mechanism explaining rapidly spreading plague epizootics

机译：鼠疫耶尔森菌早期传播不受阻碍的跳蚤是解释快速传播鼠疫流行病的机制

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摘要

Plague is a highly virulent disease believed to have killed millions during three historic human pandemics. Worldwide, it remains a threat to humans and is a potential agent of bioterrorism. Dissemination of Yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague, by blocked fleas has been the accepted paradigm for flea-borne transmission. However, this mechanism, which requires a lengthy extrinsic incubation period before a short infectious window often followed by death of the flea, cannot sufficiently explain the rapid rate of spread that typifies plague epidemics and epizootics. Inconsistencies between the expected rate of spread by blocked rat fleas and that observed during the Black Death has even caused speculation that plague was not the cause of this medieval pandemic. We used the primary vector to humans in North America, Oropsylla montana, which rarely becomes blocked, as a model for studying alternative flea-borne transmission mechanisms. Our data revealed that, in contrast to the classical blocked flea model, O. montana is immediately infectious, transmits efficiently for at least 4 d postinfection (early phase) and may remain infectious for a long time because the fleas do not suffer block-induced mortality. These factors match the criteria required to drive plague epizootics as defined by recently published mathematical models. The scenario of efficient early-phase transmission by unblocked fleas described in our study calls for a paradigm shift in concepts of how Y. pestis is transmitted during rapidly spreading epizootics and epidemics, including, perhaps, the Black Death.
机译：鼠疫是一种剧毒疾病，据信在三场历史性人类大流行中已杀死数百万人。在世界范围内，它仍然是对人类的威胁，并且是生物恐怖主义的潜在动因。鼠疫的病原体通过阻塞性蚤传播鼠疫耶尔森氏菌，已成为蚤传播传播的公认范例。然而，这种机制需要一个漫长的外部潜伏期，然后才是一个短暂的传染窗口，之后往往会导致跳蚤死亡，它无法充分解释代表鼠疫流行和流行病的迅速传播速度。老鼠跳蚤被阻止的预期传播速度与黑死病期间观察到的传播速度之间的不一致甚至引起了人们的猜测，瘟疫不是造成这种中世纪流行病的原因。我们使用了北美人类主要的载体Oropsylla montana（该物种很少被阻断）作为研究替代性蚤传播途径的模型。我们的数据显示，与经典的阻滞跳蚤模型相反，蒙大拿O. montana具有即时感染性，可在感染后至少4 d（早期）有效传播，并且由于跳蚤不受阻滞诱导而可保持很长时间的传染性。死亡。这些因素与驱动瘟疫流行病所需的标准相符，如最近发布的数学模型所定义。在我们的研究中描述了通过畅通的跳蚤有效地进行早期传播的场景，这要求在快速传播的流行病和流行病（包括黑死病）期间传播鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的概念发生范式转变。

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