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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Ecosystem Services Special Feature: Ecological and socioeconomic effects of Chinas policies for ecosystem services
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Ecosystem Services Special Feature: Ecological and socioeconomic effects of Chinas policies for ecosystem services

机译：生态系统服务特色：中国生态系统服务政策的生态和社会经济影响

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To address devastating environmental crises and to improve human well-being, China has been implementing a number of national policies on payments for ecosystem services. Two of them, the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) and the Grain to Green Program (GTGP), are among the biggest programs in the world because of their ambitious goals, massive scales, huge payments, and potentially enormous impacts. The NFCP conserves natural forests through logging bans and afforestation with incentives to forest enterprises, whereas the GTGP converts cropland on steep slopes to forest and grassland by providing farmers with grain and cash subsidies. Overall ecological effects are beneficial, and socioeconomic effects are mostly positive. Whereas there are time lags in ecological effects, socioeconomic effects are more immediate. Both the NFCP and the GTGP also have global implications because they increase vegetative cover, enhance carbon sequestration, and reduce dust to other countries by controlling soil erosion. The future impacts of these programs may be even bigger. Extended payments for the GTGP have recently been approved by the central government for up to 8 years. The NFCP is likely to follow suit and receive renewed payments. To make these programs more effective, we recommend systematic planning, diversified funding, effective compensation, integrated research, and comprehensive monitoring. Effective implementation of these programs can also provide important experiences and lessons for other ecosystem service payment programs in China and many other parts of the world.
机译：为了应对毁灭性的环境危机并改善人类福祉，中国一直在实施一系列有关生态系统服务付款的国家政策。其中两个项目，即天然森林保护计划（NFCP）和粮食到绿色计划（GTGP），由于其雄心勃勃的目标，大规模，巨额付款以及潜在的巨大影响，成为世界上最大的计划之一。 NFCP通过禁止采伐和造林来保护天然林，并鼓励林业企业，而GTGP通过向农民提供谷物和现金补贴，将陡坡上的耕地转变为森林和草原。总体上生态影响是有益的，而社会经济影响大多是积极的。生态影响存在时间滞后，而社会经济影响则更为直接。 NFCP和GTGP都具有全球意义，因为它们通过控制水土流失而增加了植被覆盖，增强了碳固存并减少了对其他国家的扬尘。这些计划的未来影响可能更大。最近，中央政府已批准延长GTGP的付款期限，最长为8年。 NFCP可能会效仿并收到新的付款。为了使这些程序更有效，我们建议您进行系统的计划，多样化的资金，有效的薪酬，综合研究和全面监控。这些计划的有效实施还可以为中国和世界许多其他地区的其他生态系统服务支付计划提供重要的经验和教训。

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