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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Field experiments of success-breeds-success dynamics
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Field experiments of success-breeds-success dynamics

机译：成功繁殖成功动力学的现场试验

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摘要

Seemingly similar individuals often experience drastically different success trajectories, with some repeatedly failing and others consistently succeeding. One explanation is preexisting variability along unobserved fitness dimensions that is revealed gradually through differential achievement. Alternatively, positive feedback operating on arbitrary initial advantages may increasingly set apart winners from losers, producing runaway inequality. To identify social feedback in human reward systems, we conducted randomized experiments by intervening in live social environments across the domains of funding, status, endorsement, and reputation. In each system we consistently found that early success bestowed upon arbitrarily selected recipients produced significant improvements in subsequent rates of success compared with the control group of nonrecipients. However, success exhibited decreasing marginal returns, with larger initial advantages failing to produce much further differentiation. These findings suggest a lesser degree of vulnerability of reward systems to incidental or fabricated advantages and a more modest role for cumulative advantage in the explanation of social inequality than previously thought.
机译：貌似相似的个人通常会经历截然不同的成功轨迹，其中有些反复失败，而另一些则始终如一地成功。一种解释是沿未观察到的适应度维度的先验变异性，通过差异成就逐渐揭示出来。或者，基于任意初始优势的积极反馈可能会越来越多地将胜利者与失败者区分开，从而产生失控的不平等现象。为了确定人类奖励系统中的社会反馈，我们通过在资金，地位，认可和声誉等领域的实时社会环境中进行干预，进行了随机实验。在每个系统中，我们始终发现，与非接收者对照组相比，任意选择的接收者获得的早期成功在随后的成功率上产生了显着的改善。然而，成功表现出的边际收益不断下降，而更大的初始优势却无法产生更大的差异。这些发现表明，在解释社会不平等方面，奖励制度对附带或捏造的利益的脆弱性程度较小，而累积优势在解释社会不平等方面的作用则比以前认为的要小。

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