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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >From the Cover: Rawlsian maximin rule operates as a common cognitive anchor in distributive justice and risky decisions
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From the Cover: Rawlsian maximin rule operates as a common cognitive anchor in distributive justice and risky decisions

机译：从封面开始：Rawlsian maximin规则在分配正义和风险决策中充当常见的认知锚点

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Distributive justice concerns the moral principles by which we seek to allocate resources fairly among diverse members of a society. Although the concept of fair allocation is one of the fundamental building blocks for societies, there is no clear consensus on how to achieve “socially just” allocations. Here, we examine neurocognitive commonalities of distributive judgments and risky decisions. We explore the hypothesis that people’s allocation decisions for others are closely related to economic decisions for oneself at behavioral, cognitive, and neural levels, via a concern about the minimum, worst-off position. In a series of experiments using attention-monitoring and brain-imaging techniques, we investigated this “maximin” concern (maximizing the minimum possible payoff) via responses in two seemingly disparate tasks: third-party distribution of rewards for others, and choosing gambles for self. The experiments revealed three robust results: (i) participants’ distributive choices closely matched their risk preferences—“Rawlsians,” who maximized the worst-off position in distributions for others, avoided riskier gambles for themselves, whereas “utilitarians,” who favored the largest-total distributions, preferred riskier but more profitable gambles; (ii) across such individual choice preferences, however, participants generally showed the greatest spontaneous attention to information about the worst possible outcomes in both tasks; and (iii) this robust concern about the minimum outcomes was correlated with activation of the right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ), the region associated with perspective taking. The results provide convergent evidence that social distribution for others is psychologically linked to risky decision making for self, drawing on common cognitive–neural processes with spontaneous perspective taking of the worst-off position.
机译：分配正义关系到我们寻求在社会的不同成员之间公平分配资源的道德原则。尽管公平分配的概念是社会的基本组成部分之一，但在如何实现“社会公正”分配方面尚无明确共识。在这里，我们研究了分布判断和风险决策的神经认知共性。我们探讨了这样一个假设：人们对其他人的分配决策在行为，认知和神经方面与自己的经济决策密切相关，这是通过担心最低，最差的状况来实现的。在一系列使用注意力监控和脑成像技术的实验中，我们通过对两个看似完全不同的任务的响应进行了调查，研究了这种“最大”关注（最大可能的回报最大化）：第三方分配给他人的报酬，以及为赌博选择赌博自。实验揭示了三个有力的结果：（i）参与者的分配选择与他们的风险偏好紧密匹配-“ Rawlsians”（他们最大化了其他人在分配中的最差状况），避免了自己的冒险赌博，而“功利主义者”则倾向于总发行量最大，偏好风险更高但利润更高的赌博； （ii）然而，在这些个人选择偏好中，参与者通常会自发地关注有关两项任务中可能最差结果的信息； （iii）对最小结局的强烈关注与右颞颞叶交界处（RTPJ）的激活相关，RTPJ与透视拍摄有关。结果提供了越来越多的证据，表明他人的社会分布在心理上与自我风险决策相关联，这是基于常见的认知-神经过程，并自发地采取了最不利的处境。

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