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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Insect outbreak shifts the direction of selection from fast to slow growth rates in the long-lived conifer Pinus ponderosa
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Insect outbreak shifts the direction of selection from fast to slow growth rates in the long-lived conifer Pinus ponderosa

机译：寿命长的针叶树松黄松树上的昆虫暴发将选择的方向从快速增长转变为缓慢增长

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Long generation times limit species’ rapid evolution to changing environments. Trees provide critical global ecosystem services, but are under increasing risk of mortality because of climate change-mediated disturbances, such as insect outbreaks. The extent to which disturbance changes the dynamics and strength of selection is unknown, but has important implications on the evolutionary potential of tree populations. Using a 40-y-old Pinus ponderosa genetic experiment, we provide rare evidence of context-dependent fluctuating selection on growth rates over time in a long-lived species. Fast growth was selected at juvenile stages, whereas slow growth was selected at mature stages under strong herbivory caused by a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak. Such opposing forces led to no net evolutionary response over time, thus providing a mechanism for the maintenance of genetic diversity on growth rates. Greater survival to mountain pine beetle attack in slow-growing families reflected, in part, a host-based life-history trade-off. Contrary to expectations, genetic effects on tree survival were greatest at the peak of the outbreak and pointed to complex defense responses. Our results suggest that selection forces in tree populations may be more relevant than previously thought, and have implications for tree population responses to future environments and for tree breeding programs.
机译：较长的世代时间限制了物种向不断变化的环境快速进化。树木提供了至关重要的全球生态系统服务，但是由于气候变化介导的干扰（例如昆虫爆发）而使死亡的风险增加。干扰改变选择的动态和强度的程度尚不清楚，但对树木种群的进化潜力具有重要意义。使用一个40岁的美国黄松遗传实验，我们提供了一个稀有证据，表明在一个长寿物种中，随着时间的推移，对增长率的依赖于上下文的波动选择。在幼年时期选择了快速生长，而在成熟时期，在由山松甲虫（Dendroctonus purerosae）引起的强食草作用下，选择了缓慢生长。这种相反的力量不会随着时间的流逝而产生任何净的进化反应，从而为维持遗传多样性的增长率提供了一种机制。成长缓慢的家庭对山松甲虫攻击的存活率更高，部分反映了基于宿主的生活史权衡。与预期相反，在疫情爆发的高峰期，遗传对树木存活的影响最大，并指出了复杂的防御反应。我们的结果表明，树木种群中的选择力可能比以前认为的更为相关，并且对树木种群对未来环境的响应以及树木育种计划具有影响。

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