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Semicircular canals in Anolis lizards: ecomorphological convergence and ecomorph affinities of fossil species

机译：蜥蜴的半圆形运河：化石物种的生态形态趋同和生态形态亲和力

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摘要

Anolis lizards are a model system for the study of adaptive radiation and convergent evolution. Greater Antillean anoles have repeatedly evolved six similar forms or ecomorphs: crown-giant, grass-bush, twig, trunk, trunk-crown and trunk-ground. Members of each ecomorph category possess a specific set of morphological, ecological and behavioural characteristics which have been acquired convergently. Here we test whether the semicircular canal system—the organ of balance during movement—is also convergent among ecomorphs, reflecting the shared sensory requirements of their ecological niches. As semicircular canal shape has been shown to reflect different locomotor strategies, we hypothesized that each Anolis ecomorph would have a unique canal morphology. Using three-dimensional semilandmarks and geometric morphometrics, semicircular canal shape was characterized in 41 Anolis species from the Greater Antilles and the relationship between canal shape and ecomorph grouping, phylogenetic history, size, head dimensions, and perch characteristics was assessed. Further, canal morphology of modern species was used to predict the ecomorph affinity of five fossil anoles from the Miocene of the Dominican Republic. Of the covariates tested, our study recovered ecomorph as the single-most important covariate of canal morphology in modern taxa; although phylogenetic history, size, and head dimensions also showed a small, yet significant correlation with shape. Surprisingly, perch characteristics were not found to be significant covariates of canal shape, even though they are important habitat variables. Using posterior probabilities, we found that the fossil anoles have different semicircular canals shapes to modern ecomorph groupings implying extinct anoles may have been interacting with their Miocene environment in different ways to modern Anolis species.
机译：Anolis蜥蜴是用于研究自适应辐射和收敛演化的模型系统。大安的列斯群岛的Anoles已经反复进化出六种相似的形式或生态形态：冠巨人，草丛，树枝，树干，树干冠和树干地面。每个生态型类别的成员都具有一组特定的形态，生态和行为特征，这些特征已被融合获得。在这里，我们测试半圆形运河系统（运动过程中的平衡器官）是否也在生态形态之间收敛，从而反映出它们生态位的共同感官要求。由于已经显示出半圆形的管形反映了不同的运动策略，我们假设每个Anolis ecomorph将具有独特的管形。使用三维半陆标和几何形态学，对来自大安的列斯群岛的41种Anolis物种进行半圆形管形特征分析，并评估了管形与生态形态分组，系统发育史，大小，头部尺寸和栖息特征之间的关系。此外，现代物种的渠道形态被用来预测来自多米尼加共和国中新世的五个化石茴香的生态形态亲和力。在测试的协变量中，我们的研究将生态形态恢复为现代生物分类中运河形态的最重要的协变量。尽管系统发育史，大小和头部尺寸也显示出与形状的较小但显着的相关性。出人意料的是，尽管栖息地特征是重要的生境变量，但并未发现它们是运河形状的重要协变量。使用后验概率，我们发现化石Anoles与现代生态型群具有不同的半圆形运河形状，这意味着灭绝的Anoles可能以与现代Anolis物种不同的方式与其中新世环境相互作用。

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