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Vortex and half-vortex dynamics in a nonlinear spinor quantum fluid

机译：非线性自旋量子流体中的涡旋和半涡旋动力学

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Vortices are archetypal objects that recur in the universe across the scale of complexity, from subatomic particles to galaxies and black holes. Their appearance is connected with spontaneous symmetry breaking and phase transitions. In Bose-Einstein condensates and superfluids, vortices are both point-like and quantized quasiparticles. We use a two-dimensional (2D) fluid of polaritons, bosonic particles constituted by hybrid photonic and electronic oscillations, to study quantum vortex dynamics. Polaritons benefit from easiness of wave function phase detection, a spinor nature sustaining half-integer vorticity, strong nonlinearity, and tuning of the background disorder. We can directly generate by resonant pulsed excitations a polariton condensate carrying either a full or half-integer vortex as initial condition and follow their coherent evolution using ultrafast imaging on the picosecond scale. The observations highlight a rich phenomenology, such as the spiraling of the half-vortex and the joint path of the twin charges of a full vortex, until the moment of their splitting. Furthermore, we observe the ordered branching into newly generated secondary couples, associated with the breaking of radial and azimuthal symmetries. This allows us to devise the interplay of nonlinearity and sample disorder in shaping the fluid and driving the vortex dynamics. In addition, our observations suggest that phase singularities may be seen as fundamental particles whose quantized events span from pair creation and recombination to 2D+t topological vortex strings.
机译：涡旋是原型物体，它在整个复杂范围内从亚原子粒子到星系和黑洞，都会在宇宙中重复出现。它们的出现与自发的对称断裂和相变有关。在Bose-Einstein冷凝物和超流体中，涡旋既是点状又是量化的准粒子。我们使用极化子的二维（2D）流体（由混合光子和电子振荡构成的玻色子）来研究量子涡旋动力学。极化子得益于波函数相位检测的简便性，保持半整数涡度，强非线性和背景杂音调谐的自旋性质。我们可以通过共振脉冲激发直接产生带有全整数或半整数涡旋的极化子冷凝物，并使用皮秒级的超快速成像跟踪它们的相干演化。这些观察结果突出了丰富的现象学，例如半旋涡的螺旋形和全旋涡的双电荷的联合路径，直到它们分裂的时刻为止。此外，我们观察到有序分支成新生成的次级偶，这与径向和方位对称的破坏有关。这使我们能够设计出非线性和样本无序的相互作用，从而使流体成形并驱动涡旋动力学。此外，我们的观察结果表明，相奇异性可能被视为基本粒子，其量化事件范围从对创建和重组到2D + t拓扑涡旋串。

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